Economical assessment of the design,construction and operation of open-bed biofilters for waste gas treatment

A protocol was developed with the purpose of assessing the main costs implied in the set-up, operation and maintenance of a waste gas-treating conventional biofilter. The main operating parameters considered in the protocol were the empty bed residence time and the gas flow rate. A wide variety of investment and operating costs were considered. In order to check its reliability, the protocol was applied to a number of scenarios, with biofilter volumes ranging from 8.3 to 4000 m³. Results show that total annualized costs were between 20?000 and 220?000 €/year and directly dependent, among other factors, on the size of the system. Total investment and operating costs for average-size compost biofilters were around 60?000 € and 20?000 €/year, respectively, which are concordant with actual costs. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to assess the relative influence of a series of selected costs. Results prove that operating costs are those that influence the total annual costs to a higher extent. Also, packing material replacement costs contribute significantly to the total yearly costs in biofilters with a volume higher than 800 m³. Among operating costs, the electricity consumption is the main influencing factor in biofilters with a gas flow rate above 50?000 m³/h, while labor costs are critical at lower gas flow rates. In addition, the use of a variety of packing materials commonly employed in biofiltration was assessed. According to the results obtained, special attention should be paid to the packing material selected, as it is the main parameter influencing the medium replacement costs, and one of the main factors affecting investment costs.     

新型填料A/O生物滤池处理低碳氮比农村污水脱氮

针对低碳氮比导致低污染农村污水生物处理时出水总氮(total nitrogen, TN)质量浓度高不能满足排放标准的问题,以普通砾石A/O生物滤池为对照组(1号),采用芦竹和活性炭分别作为缺氧段和好氧段填料的A/O生物滤池(2号)处理人工模拟农村污水并研究其脱氮效果.结果表明,当进水化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen, NH~+_4-N)和TN质量浓度分别为(79.47±14.21)、(34.49±2.08)和(34.73±3.87)mg·L~(-1)时,两套装置对COD、NH~+_4-N和TN的去除率分别为(88.00±7.00)%和(89.00±10.00)%、(90.00±2.00)%和(97.00±7.00)%、(37±15)%和(68±7)%,表明添加新型填料芦竹和活性炭能显著增强A/O生物滤池对NH~+_4-N和TN的去除.高通量测序结果显示, 1号装置中参与硝化过程的微生物主要为Proteobacteria(变形菌门), 2号则是变形菌门和Nitrospirae(硝化螺旋菌门)共同作用;1号装置缺氧段中发挥反硝化作用的主要细菌门类包括Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门)、变形菌门、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)和Planctomycetes(浮霉菌门),而2号缺氧段中则主要是拟杆菌门、变形菌门、Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)和Patescibacteria.实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)结果表明, 2号装置中生物膜的硝化功能基因(amoA和Nitrospira 16S rDNA)、反硝化功能基因(narG、nosZ、nirS和nirK)和厌氧氨氧化功能基因(ANAMMOX)丰度均高于1号装置,除narG和nosZ基因外,其余几种都有1～2个数量级的差别.     

Temporal variation of microbial population in a thermophilic biofilter for SO2 removal

The performance of a biofilter relies on the activity of microorganisms during the gas contaminant treatment process. In this study, SO_2 was treated using a laboratory-scale biofilter packed with polyurethane foam cubes(PUFC), on which thermophilic desulfurization bacteria were attached. The thermophilic biofilter effectively reduced SO_2 within 10 months of operation time, with a maximum elimination capacity of 48.29 g/m~3/hr.Temporal shifts in the microbial population in the thermophilic biofilter were determined through polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) sequence analysis. The substrate species and environmental conditions in the biofilter influenced the microbial population. Oxygen distribution in the PUFC was analyzed using a microelectrode. When the water-containing rate in PUFC was over 98%, the oxygen distribution presented aerobic–anoxic–aerobic states along the test route on the PUFC. The appearance of sulfate-reducing bacteria was caused by the anaerobic conditions and sulfate formation after 4 months of operation.     

生物催化氧化法脱除H2S的填料选择研究

针对H2S污染的严峻形势,构建了包括催化再生装置和生物滴滤器的生物催化氧化装置,进行了装置的填料选择研究.经对比试验得出填料脱硫性能的优劣顺序为:沸石＞焦炭＞多面空心塑料小球.在温度为30 ℃、进气量为0.25 m3/h、进气H2S为2 000 mg/m3、喷淋量为1 000 mL/h、喷淋液的pH为1.97、Fe3 为0.05 mol/L的条件下,装填沸石的生物催化氧化装置的出气H2S浓度足以达到<恶臭污染物排放标准>(GB 14554-93)规定的一级厂界标准值.试验证明,生物催化氧化法是有效的新型脱除H2S技术,具有良好的经济、社会及环境效益,应进一步开展中试研究.     

城市污水厂部分反硝化滤池启动及运行

采用生物滤池探究部分反硝化（NO₃^--N还原到NO₂^--N）工艺应用于城市污水厂深度脱氮的可行性.以实际二级出水为进水,考察滤速、碳氮比（C/N）等影响因素对滤池快速启动及稳定运行的影响,分析了滤池沿程水质变化和系统微生物群落结构.结果表明,控制高滤速和低C/N,3d可实现部分反硝化滤池的快速启动,滤池120d平均亚硝态氮累积率（NTR）为60.3%,最高可达82.1%,成功构建了连续流生物膜部分反硝化工艺.高滤速条件有助提高滤池的NO₂^--N积累率,C/N对NO₂^--N积累率的影响较小,C/N为2~4,部分反硝化滤池的NTR维持在62.0%.沿程数据表明底部40cm的滤料层是部分反硝化滤池NO₃^--N去除和NO₂^--N累积的主要反应区域.由于采用实际水厂二级出水进行研究,扫描电镜和高通量测序结果表明存在多种具有反硝化功能的微生物,系统的微生物多样性较高.     

4种不同工况生物滤池净化效能与微生物特性分析

为了从微生物层面探讨曝气、挂膜周期、池形(或流态)改变对生物滤池净化效率的影响,试验设计了4种不同工况的生物滤池,即MAVF、NAVF、NVF、BHF,其中前三者为垂直流滤池,最后一种为折流式水平流滤池. 4组滤池框架和滤料相同,MAVF与BHF串联,且于试验前期运行1 a,NAVF及NVF为新启用滤池. 4组滤池采取同步序批式运行,其中MAVF、NAVF进行间歇曝气,其余两组未曝气.于新启用滤池挂膜阶段,对4组滤池同步处理生活污水的净化效率进行持续监测,并于挂膜结束后采集基质样品分析滤池微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,3组垂直流滤池的净化效率显著高于水平流滤池;曝气显著提高了滤池的净化效能,但与滤池微生物成熟度相比,前者的影响更弱. 4组滤池内均无明显的硝氮、亚硝氮积累,反硝化进行得很彻底. 16S r DNA高通量测序分析表明,4组滤池的多样性指数高低是BHF MAVF NAVF NVF,表明滤池愈成熟,多样性指数愈高. 4组滤池内微生物以兼性异养菌为主,且以异养反硝化脱氮菌最为丰富. NVF及BHF滤池内发生了异养硝化过程,曝气促进了滤池内好氧硝化菌的富集. 4组滤池内均未检测到好氧聚磷菌,磷的去除以反硝化聚磷为主.试验工况下,滤池对总氮的去除率不高主要归结于滤池内尚未富集到自养硝化菌或其丰度不高,后者导致滤池的氨氧化能力有限,进而影响总氮去除.以上研究结果表明,不同工况的调整会影响到生物滤池的氧化还原状态和功能菌富集,进而最终影响净化效率.     

生物脱臭技术研究进展与展望

采用生物脱臭技术处理臭气具有设备简单，费用低，不需再生和其它后处理，能耗少，管理维护方便等优点，已逐渐成为脱臭的一个重要方向。本文对生物脱臭技术的微生物，脱臭机理以及处理方法方面取得的进展进行了系统的论述，并预测了该技术的发展方向。     

木屑生物膜处理H2S气体研究

采用木屑为载体固定微生物处理含H2S废气．微生物经活性污泥驯化得到．结果表明：木屑为载体固定微生物小需要长时间的挂膜时间．生物滤池启动后的48h内进气浓度迅速提高到641mg／m^3，H2S的去除率达到了100％．实验测定了不同容积负荷下H2S的处理率，当容积负荷为360g(H2S)／(m^3d)时，H2S气体的去除率可以稳定在97．4％以上．最后采用Michaelis-Menten关系式对H2S的去除速率进行了宏观动力学分析，计算得出半饱和因子Ks为242．75mg／m^3，最大表观去除率Vm为833．33g(H2S)／(m^3d)．图5表2参8     

生物滤池处理生活垃圾恶臭

采用植物纤维性材料作为生物滤池滤料，接种人工培养的芽抱杆菌、酵母菌等14种不同的微生物。以NH3、H2S为检测指标，研究生物滤池脱除生活垃圾恶臭的可行性及其工艺，分析气体流量、进气总量和洗气装置对恶臭气体去率的影响。实验表明在维持一定恶臭气体进气浓度，气体流量Q≤48m3/h的情况下，生物滤池对恶臭气体具有较高的去除率；对滤料中微生物的分析表明，酵母菌、乳酸菌是生活垃圾脱臭的主要功能菌。     

低浓度硫化氢恶臭气体的生化处理研究

采用生物膜填料塔净化低浓度硫化氢恶臭气体，研究了进气负荷，液体喷淋量，气体流量和ＰＨ值等因素对生物净化低浓度硫化氢恶臭气体净化性能的影响，为下一步工业应用提供基础数据。