城市污水厂部分反硝化滤池启动及运行

采用生物滤池探究部分反硝化（NO₃^--N还原到NO₂^--N）工艺应用于城市污水厂深度脱氮的可行性.以实际二级出水为进水,考察滤速、碳氮比（C/N）等影响因素对滤池快速启动及稳定运行的影响,分析了滤池沿程水质变化和系统微生物群落结构.结果表明,控制高滤速和低C/N,3d可实现部分反硝化滤池的快速启动,滤池120d平均亚硝态氮累积率（NTR）为60.3%,最高可达82.1%,成功构建了连续流生物膜部分反硝化工艺.高滤速条件有助提高滤池的NO₂^--N积累率,C/N对NO₂^--N积累率的影响较小,C/N为2~4,部分反硝化滤池的NTR维持在62.0%.沿程数据表明底部40cm的滤料层是部分反硝化滤池NO₃^--N去除和NO₂^--N累积的主要反应区域.由于采用实际水厂二级出水进行研究,扫描电镜和高通量测序结果表明存在多种具有反硝化功能的微生物,系统的微生物多样性较高.     

4种不同工况生物滤池净化效能与微生物特性分析

为了从微生物层面探讨曝气、挂膜周期、池形(或流态)改变对生物滤池净化效率的影响,试验设计了4种不同工况的生物滤池,即MAVF、NAVF、NVF、BHF,其中前三者为垂直流滤池,最后一种为折流式水平流滤池. 4组滤池框架和滤料相同,MAVF与BHF串联,且于试验前期运行1 a,NAVF及NVF为新启用滤池. 4组滤池采取同步序批式运行,其中MAVF、NAVF进行间歇曝气,其余两组未曝气.于新启用滤池挂膜阶段,对4组滤池同步处理生活污水的净化效率进行持续监测,并于挂膜结束后采集基质样品分析滤池微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,3组垂直流滤池的净化效率显著高于水平流滤池;曝气显著提高了滤池的净化效能,但与滤池微生物成熟度相比,前者的影响更弱. 4组滤池内均无明显的硝氮、亚硝氮积累,反硝化进行得很彻底. 16S r DNA高通量测序分析表明,4组滤池的多样性指数高低是BHF MAVF NAVF NVF,表明滤池愈成熟,多样性指数愈高. 4组滤池内微生物以兼性异养菌为主,且以异养反硝化脱氮菌最为丰富. NVF及BHF滤池内发生了异养硝化过程,曝气促进了滤池内好氧硝化菌的富集. 4组滤池内均未检测到好氧聚磷菌,磷的去除以反硝化聚磷为主.试验工况下,滤池对总氮的去除率不高主要归结于滤池内尚未富集到自养硝化菌或其丰度不高,后者导致滤池的氨氧化能力有限,进而影响总氮去除.以上研究结果表明,不同工况的调整会影响到生物滤池的氧化还原状态和功能菌富集,进而最终影响净化效率.     

生物脱臭技术研究进展与展望

采用生物脱臭技术处理臭气具有设备简单，费用低，不需再生和其它后处理，能耗少，管理维护方便等优点，已逐渐成为脱臭的一个重要方向。本文对生物脱臭技术的微生物，脱臭机理以及处理方法方面取得的进展进行了系统的论述，并预测了该技术的发展方向。     

基于不同测序技术的生物群落结构及功能菌分析

分别采用克隆文库和高通量测序技术,解析生物去除铁锰氨滤池内微生物的群落结构和功能菌多样性,并探讨不同测序手段的差异.高通量测序获得15057条有效序列、共32个分类纲,克隆文库测序涵盖9个具有明确分类地位的纲(75条序列),前者能揭示更为丰富的细菌群落结构多样性.功能菌(铁锰氧化细菌和硝化细菌)分析过程中,一些功能菌属在克隆文库中出现,而在高通量测序中未检测到,反之亦然.与单一的测序手段相比,二者相结合能更好地揭示功能细菌的分布特点.     

生物转鼓反硝化净化一氧化氮废气

采用自行研制的生物转鼓(RDB)反应器处理NO废气,考察了RDB净化NO的反硝化效率.结果表明,在28℃、pH6.5～7.5、转鼓转速0.5r/min、营养液更新2L/d条件下,挂膜历时12d完成.随着转鼓转速的增加,生物膜和液膜表面更新速率提高,传质效率增加,NO反硝化效率提高;当转速>0.5r/min时,液膜增厚过度增加了传质阻力,NO反硝化效率降低.空床停留时间(EBRT)是决定反硝化效率的重要因素,当进气NO处理负荷一定时,随着EBRT由130s下降到26s,NO的净化效率也由99.7%下降至81.5%.     

生物法处理含氮硫无机有机恶臭气体研究

生物滴滤塔处理含三甲胺(TMA)和二硫化碳(CS)2的双组分含氮硫无机有机混合恶臭气体的研究结果表明,生物法能有效去除含三甲胺和二硫化碳的混合恶臭气体,三甲胺(TMA)和二硫化碳(CS)2的去除效率分别可达99.8%、93.8%,生物脱臭装置对恶臭污染物的改变具有很强的适应性,对新恶臭污染物质的进入有较好的适应性,具有较好的抗冲击负荷性,运行稳定,能适应非连续性生产的要求。污染物之间没有明显的相互抑制作用,进气浓度的提高对三甲胺的生物降解效率影响微弱,对二硫化碳的生物降解效率影响较大。适宜空床停留时间为20.6 s,三甲胺去除几乎不受循环液pH变化的影响,二硫化碳的去除则在pH=7～8.3时较高。生物降解动力学研究表明,生物塔对三甲胺的最大去除能力优于二硫化碳,对二硫化碳的亲和力优于三甲胺。     

新型填料A/O生物滤池处理低碳氮比农村污水脱氮

针对低碳氮比导致低污染农村污水生物处理时出水总氮(total nitrogen, TN)质量浓度高不能满足排放标准的问题,以普通砾石A/O生物滤池为对照组(1号),采用芦竹和活性炭分别作为缺氧段和好氧段填料的A/O生物滤池(2号)处理人工模拟农村污水并研究其脱氮效果.结果表明,当进水化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen, NH~+_4-N)和TN质量浓度分别为(79.47±14.21)、(34.49±2.08)和(34.73±3.87)mg·L~(-1)时,两套装置对COD、NH~+_4-N和TN的去除率分别为(88.00±7.00)%和(89.00±10.00)%、(90.00±2.00)%和(97.00±7.00)%、(37±15)%和(68±7)%,表明添加新型填料芦竹和活性炭能显著增强A/O生物滤池对NH~+_4-N和TN的去除.高通量测序结果显示, 1号装置中参与硝化过程的微生物主要为Proteobacteria(变形菌门), 2号则是变形菌门和Nitrospirae(硝化螺旋菌门)共同作用;1号装置缺氧段中发挥反硝化作用的主要细菌门类包括Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门)、变形菌门、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)和Planctomycetes(浮霉菌门),而2号缺氧段中则主要是拟杆菌门、变形菌门、Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)和Patescibacteria.实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)结果表明, 2号装置中生物膜的硝化功能基因(amoA和Nitrospira 16S rDNA)、反硝化功能基因(narG、nosZ、nirS和nirK)和厌氧氨氧化功能基因(ANAMMOX)丰度均高于1号装置,除narG和nosZ基因外,其余几种都有1～2个数量级的差别.     

Isolation and characterization of a thermophilic Bacillus shackletonii K5 from a biotrickling filter for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate

Polyhydroxyalkanoates（PHAs） are aliphatic polyesters accumulated intracellularly by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. However, compared to the PHAs of Gramnegative bacteria, few endotoxins（lipopolysaccharides, LPS）, which would be co-purified with PHAs and cause immunogenic reactions, are found in the PHAs produced by Gram-positive bacteria. A thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium K5, which exhibited good growth and polyhydroxybutyrate（PHB）-accumulating ability, has been isolated and characterized from a biotrickling filter designed for the removal of NOx from flue gas in a coal-fired power plant in China. Based on the biochemical characterization and 16 S rRNA gene sequence（Genbank accession no. JX437933）, the strain K5 has been identified as Bacillus shackletonii, which has rarely been reported in the literature, and this report is the first time that B. shackletonii has been found to accumulate PHB. The strain K5 was able to utilize glucose as carbon source to synthesize PHB at a broad range of temperatures（from 35 to 50 °C）, and the ideal temperature was 45 °C. The strain K5 could effectively yield PHB of up to 69.9% of its cell dry weight（CDW）（2.28 g/L） in flask experiments employing glucose as carbon source at 45 °C, followed by 56.8% and 52.3% of its CDW when using sodium succinate and glycerol as carbon source, respectively. For batch cultivation, the strain K5 was able to produce PHB of up to 72.6% of its cell dry weight（9.76 g/L） employing glucose as carbon source at 45 °C and pH 7.0.     

Temporal variation of microbial population in a thermophilic biofilter for SO2 removal

The performance of a biofilter relies on the activity of microorganisms during the gas contaminant treatment process. In this study, SO_2 was treated using a laboratory-scale biofilter packed with polyurethane foam cubes(PUFC), on which thermophilic desulfurization bacteria were attached. The thermophilic biofilter effectively reduced SO_2 within 10 months of operation time, with a maximum elimination capacity of 48.29 g/m~3/hr.Temporal shifts in the microbial population in the thermophilic biofilter were determined through polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) sequence analysis. The substrate species and environmental conditions in the biofilter influenced the microbial population. Oxygen distribution in the PUFC was analyzed using a microelectrode. When the water-containing rate in PUFC was over 98%, the oxygen distribution presented aerobic–anoxic–aerobic states along the test route on the PUFC. The appearance of sulfate-reducing bacteria was caused by the anaerobic conditions and sulfate formation after 4 months of operation.     

培养温度对好氧法处理棉浆黑液的影响分析

对不同浓度的棉浆黑液分别在高温和中温条件下进行了好氧培养,并考察了各种COD的降解情况。结果表明：温度对棉浆黑液好氧处理的各种COD去除效果影响较大。对于低浓度棉浆黑液（CODtot≤10000mg／L）,30℃时,随着培养时间的延长,各种COD持续下降,CODtot和CODcol去除率最大分别可达55．7％和100％;而50℃时,CODtot去除率最高只能达到35．4％,且CODss和CODcol波动很大;对于高浓度棉浆黑液（CODtot≥10000mg／L）,中温条件更有利于好氧活性污泥发挥生物降解作用