活性污泥耗氧速率的测定及其影响因素试验分析

本文首先介绍了活性污泥净化能力判别指标——耗氧速率的原电池氧测定法,继而通过试验研究了一些相关的影响因素同比耗氧速率的关系,最后分析说明了比耗氧速率在监控活性污泥系统运行中所起的作用。     

Microbial diversity accumulates in a downstream direction in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Organic and inorganic materials migrate downstream and have important roles in regulating environmental health in the river networks. However, it remains unclear whether and how a mixture of materials (i.e., microbial species) from various upstream habitats contribute to microbial community coalescence upstream of a dam. Here we track the spatial variation in microbial abundance and diversity in the Three Gorges Reservoir based on quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing data. We further quantitatively assess the relative contributions of microbial species from mainstem, its tributaries, and the surrounding riverbank soils to the area immediately upstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). We found an increase of microbial diversity and the convergent microbial distribution pattern in areas immediately upstream of TGD, suggesting this area become a new confluence for microbial diversity immigrating from upstream. Indeed, the number of shared species increased from upstream to TGD but unique species decreased, indicating immigration of various sources of microbial species overwhelms local environmental conditions in structuring microbial community close to TGD. By quantifying the sources of microbial species close to TGD, we found little contribution from soils as compared to tributaries, especially for sites closer to TGD, suggesting tributary microbes have greater influence on microbial diversity and environmental health in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Collectively, our results suggest that tracking microbial geographic origin and evaluating accumulating effects of microbial diversity shed light on the ecological processes in microbial communities and provide information for regulating aquatic ecological health.     

三峡水库不同运行状态下支流澎溪河水-气界面温室气体通量特征初探

水电是具有显著减排效益的清洁能源形式,但水库潜在的温室气体效应近年来备受关切,在一定程度上影响了人们对水库清洁能源属性的认识.本研究分别于2010年8月水库低水位运行期及12月高水位运行期,对三峡库区典型支流——澎溪河上游温泉至下游双江6个沿程断面进行水样的采集及温室气体通量的监测研究.结果表明,在河流纵向上,表层水体水温、pH逐渐沿程增加,而CO2分压(pCO2)和碱度(TA)则有相反趋势.在低水位的8月,开县以下断面CO2通量为负,且浮游植物可能是控制水体CO2通量及营养盐的关键因素之一.澎溪河回水区CO2通量相对天然河道背景断面(温泉)平均降低了3.26 mmol.(m2.h)-1,而CH4通量却大幅度增加了.在高水位运行的12月,澎溪河各断面均为CO2释放通量,CH4通量相比低水位则明显降低.相比较天然河道的温泉断面,澎溪河回水区在高水位运行状态下CO2与CH4通量分别增加了4.16mmol.(m2.h)-1和0.007 mmol.(m2.h)-1.初步的净通量分析发现,该水域较加拿大实验水库的净通量特征低.     

Effect of Ni–V loading on the performance of hollow anatase TiO2 in the catalytic combustion of dichloromethane

A catalyst based on mixed V-Ni oxides supported on TiO_2(Ni-V/TiO_2)was obtained using the sol-gel method.Its catalytic performance relative to dichloromethane(DCM)degradation was investigated.Characterization and analysis were conducted using transmission electron microscopy,H2 temperature-programmed reduction,pyridine-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)characterization,and X-ray diffraction.Results showed that the original hollow anatase structure of pure Ti02 was well-maintained after Ni-V loading.The loading of NiO-VOx not only significantly improved the stability of pure Ti02 but also inhibited the formation of the by-product monochloromethane(MCM).Among the series of Ni-V/TiO_2 catalysts,4%Ni-V/TiO_2 possessed the highest catalytic activity,with 90%DCM conversion at only 203℃.No by-products and no significant changes in the catalytic activity were observed during combustion of DCM after 100 hr of a continuous stability test.Furthermore,thermogravimetric analysis(O_2-TG)and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)characterization of the used 4%Ni-V/TiO_2 catalyst revealed that no coke deposition or chlorine species could be detected on the catalyst surface.     

三峡库区长江干流入出库水质评价及其变化趋势

水质问题关系着三峡工程的安全运行与库区社会经济的可持续发展.选取重庆朱沱断面和湖北南津关断面分别代表三峡库区长江干流的入出库断面,在对DO、COD_(Mn)和NH_3-N的年均、季均值统计基础上,运用基于灰色关联系数矩阵的TOPSIS法评价入出库水质,运用R/S法查明入出库水质的未来变化趋势.结果表明:入出库水质在2004—2014年间均介于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类间(《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)),其中,2004—2007年、2012—2014年均为Ⅰ类,2008年均为Ⅱ类,2009—2010年均在Ⅰ、Ⅱ类间变动,且均距Ⅰ类较近;入出库断面每年4个季度水质的相对贴近度均在Ⅰ、Ⅱ类间波动,但更偏近于Ⅰ类,这一趋势在多年平均情况下最为显著,2005—2007、2009、2010和2013年整体上两断面水质在4个季度中存在着相反的变化趋势;年均入库水质变化明显呈现良好趋势,而出库水质变化趋势基本不变.入出库季均水质变化呈现明显的阶段性差异,入出库过去的水质变好趋势会延续到未来相同的时间序列里,但这种水质变好趋势在将来的变化中并不稳定,具有一定的随机性.本研究结果有助于提高人们对三峡工程阶段性的蓄水对长江干流水质产生明显影响的认识,丰富人们对近年实施的环库生态治理工程成效的理解.     

生态组合系统处理农村生活污水的研究

采用由生物浮床、生物接触氧化以及河道生态系统构成的生态组合系统处理农村生活污水,考察了其对农村生活污水的净化效果以及季节和污水停留时间(HRT)对污染物的去除效果的影响。结果表明,该组合系统对污染物具有良好的去除效果,COD,NH4+-N,TN,TP的平均去除率分别为57.68%,51.13%,52.38%和49.02%。污染物的去除率随HRT的增加而提高,4 d后变化趋于平缓,在HRT为6 d时,NH4+-N,TN,TP和COD的去除率分别达到80.36%,72.85%,60.74%和71.97%。与秋季相比,夏季时该组合系统对NH4+-N,TN,TP的去除率相对较高,但季节变化对COD去除效果的影响不大。     

三峡库区蓄水175m对汉丰湖不同生物类群δ13C、δ15N值的影响

于2010年蓄水前(7月)和蓄水后(12月)应用稳定碳、氮同位素方法对汉丰湖食物网中初级生产者和消费者δ13C、δ15N值变化规律进行了调查分析.结果显示:汉丰湖初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)、固着藻类和水生植物δ13C、δ15N值分别为-28.45‰~-24.78‰、3.72‰~5.76‰,-25.81‰~-21.22‰、3.23‰~4.81‰,-27.99‰~-23.74‰、8.06‰~12.48‰.从蓄水前到蓄水后初级生产者(POM、固着藻类、水生植物)δ13C、δ15N(除水生植物)值均呈现贫乏趋势;消费者δ15N值变化规律与初级生产者一致,但其δ13C值无明显变化;汉丰湖鱼类食物网营养级长度均为3级,消费者中杂食性鱼类居多其碳源主要来源于固着藻类.新形成的汉丰湖水生生态系统已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构.     

东陵区地下水中“三氮”污染及原因分析

本文在对我区居民饮用、农业灌溉等浅层地下水污染分析的基础上着重就氨氮、硝酸盐氮及亚硝酸盐氮（下称三氮）的污染及原因进行分析．     

Enhanced degradation of organic contaminants using catalytic activity of carbonaceous structures: A strategy for the reuse of exhausted sorbents

Generation of hydroxyl radicals (?OH) is the basis of advanced oxidation process (AOP). This study investigates the catalytic activity of microporous carbonaceous structure for in-situ generation of ?OH radicals. Biochar (BC) was selected as a representative of carbon materials with a graphitic structure. The work aims at assessing the impact of BC structure on the activation of H₂O₂, the reinforcement of the persistent free radicals (PFRs) in BC using heavy metal complexes, and the subsequent AOP. Accordingly, three different biochars (raw, chemically- and physiochemically-activated BCs) were used for adsorption of two metal ions (nickel and lead) and the degradation of phenol (100 mg/L) through AOP. The results demonstrated four outcomes: (1) The structure of carbon material, the identity and the quantity of the metal complexes in the structure play the key roles in the AOP process. (2) the quantity of PFRs on BC significantly increased (by 200%) with structural activation and metal loading. (3) Though the Pb-loaded BC contained a larger quantity of PFRs, Ni-loaded BC exhibited a higher catalytic activity. (4) The degradation efficiency values for phenol by modified biochar in the presence of H₂O₂ was 80.3%, while the removal efficiency was found to be 17% and 22% in the two control tests, with H₂O₂ (no BC) and with BC (no H₂O₂), respectively. Overall, the work proposes a new approach for dual applications of carbonaceous structures; adsorption of metal ions and treatment of organic contaminants through in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO).     

三峡支流大宁河库湾水质分布变化原因及其生态效应

为探讨三峡支流大宁河库湾水体水质分布变化的原因及其产生的生态效应,从大宁河库湾污染源、三峡干支流水体交换等视角,建立三峡干流与大宁河库湾交换水量的计算公式,监测大宁河库湾表层水样水质的逐月变化情况,重点分析不同调度期三峡干支流水体交换变化驱动下大宁河库湾水质时空分布的响应变化.结果表明:①三峡干流回水倒灌、大宁河上游来流是大宁河库湾水量、TN、TP等的主要来源,干流表层水体EC（电导率）、ρ（TP）和ρ（TN）均高于大宁河上游来流.②蓄水期至高水位期,在干流回水倒灌作用和库湾水量滞留作用的影响下,库湾表层水体EC、ρ（TP）和ρ（TN）高值分布向上延伸至距离入江口0~20 km及以上的库湾水域.泄水期至低水位期,干支流交换水量为负值,表示库湾流出水量高于干流回水倒灌水量.这两个时期库湾表层水体EC、ρ（TP）和ρ（TN）高值分布首先集中于距离入江口0~5 km的库湾水域,随后向库湾中游方向延伸,可能因泄水后期、低水位期仍有少量干流回水从中表层方向倒灌以及库湾中游藻密度高引起.③5-9月距离入江口0~20 km的库湾中游、下游水域藻密度明显高于其他时期其他水域,与水温适宜、非氮非磷限制的营养结构[TN/TP（摩尔比）为30~40]促进藻类生长繁殖有关.研究显示,不同调度期干支流水体交换是驱动大宁河库湾水质分布变化的重要因素,进而库湾水体氮、磷营养结构的时空变化一定程度上影响着浮游藻类生长分布.