X射线晶体学对造岩矿物研究的应用

本文主要叙述XRD（X射线衍射）及单晶X射线回摆图在选岩矿物研究中的应用，不涉及X射线晶体结构分析。     

抚顺市空气可吸入颗粒物特征的研究

于2002年1～7月份在抚顺市区四个点位采集了环境空气中的可吸入颗粒物样品，经分析后获得了可吸入颗粒物组分的时间分布和空间分布特征，即采暖期PM10样品中有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）的绝对含量和相对含量均高于非采暖期，工业区PM10样品中的Fe、Zn、Pb的绝对含量和相对含量均明显高于其它点位，反映了其工业区的特点。     

底泥盐分释放对北塘水库水质成化的影响

为研究南水北调通水后,水源改变及水库调度对底泥盐分释放的影响,2005年7月,取0～60cm深度的北塘水库原状底泥样品,在实验室内模拟分析不同底泥含盐量、不同蓄水水质及水位变动和扰动条件下底泥氯化物释放规律。结果表明,底泥中Cl~-含量为0.043%,释放强度为0.12g/m~2·d,Cl~-含量越高,释放强度越大。在底泥含盐量相同的条件下,蓄去离子水的底泥Cl~-释放强度是蓄水库水的1.87倍。扰动状态下,底泥中的Cl~-有5.0%～9.5%释放出来,高于静止状态的3.2%～5.6%。水库运行水位发生变化,将影响底泥盐分的释放。1.0m水深条件下Cl~-的释放量是1.5m水深的5.8倍。水库四周地下水中Cl~-浓度为8.0×10~3～4.2×10~4mg/L,远高于目前水库水的Cl~-浓度。因此,一定要避免水库在低于设计低水位和周边地下水水位的条件下运行,防止底泥盐分释放及地下水反向补给造成水库水质的成化。     

森林火险的序贯分析初探

本文利用森林着火危险度指标属于正态分布的特点,根据正态型序贯分析的原理,提出了确定林火危险性的序贯分析方法;建立了长白山林区5个站点森林火险的“安全域”与“危险域”的模型;并以东岗(长白山西坡)为例,作了正态型序贯分析全过程的应用示例。结果证明,利用正态型序贯分析来确定林火的等级是可行的、可靠的,具有实用价值。     

生物反应器填埋场渗滤液及其处理对策

根据垃圾的降解和稳定机理分析了生物反应器填埋场渗滤液的动态变化规律，并对其处理对策进行了探讨。生物反应器填埋场前期产生的渗滤液可全部回灌，后期再根据实际情况排放处理部分过量的渗滤液。在对渗滤液水量和水质全面直观认识后，再对生物反应器填埋场渗滤液处理工艺进行针对性的选择和设计，并宜采用物化法处理方式。     

五日生化需氧量(BOD5)测定方法探讨

本文针对GB／T7488-1987《水质五日生化需氧量(BOD5)稀释与接种法》中BOD5的测定和计算时接种稀释水的空白扣除方法，提出了直接测接种液的BOD5值，按接种液的比例在水样中进行扣除的方法，提高了BOD5值的准确性。更能反应BOD5的真实性。     

数据包络分析(DEA)模型在清洁生产评价中的应用

清洁生产技术方案评价对于指导企业实施清洁生产有重要意义。将污染物产生量数据作为一种输入引入数据包络分析(DEA)模型，利用该模型对清洁生产技术方案中的投入、产出和污染物发生量进行有效性评价。分析不同方案相对效率值、目标改进值，发现最有效的清洁生产技术方案，达到经济效益和环境效益的统一。本研究为企业筛选和决策可实施清洁生产技术方案提供技术理论支持。     

Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: Precautionary Science and Conflicts of Interests

Risk governance of GM plants and GMfood products is presently subject to heatedscientific and public controversies. Scientistsand representatives of the biotechnologyindustry have dominated debates concerningsafety issues. The public is suspicious withregard to the motives of scientists, companies,and political institutions involved. Thedilemmas posed are nested, embracing valuequestions, scientific uncertainty, andcontextual issues. The obvious lack of data andinsufficient information concerning ecologicaleffects call for application of thePrecautionary Principle (PP). There are,however, divergent opinions among scientistsabout the relevance of putative hazards,definition of potential ``adverse effects,' andwhether actions should be taken to preventharm. The reliance on the concept ofsubstantial equivalence in safety evaluation ofGM food is equally controversial. Consequently,value assumptions embedded in a scientificframework may be a barrier for employment ofthe PP. One of our major conclusions is thatprecautionary GMP usage requires riskassessment criteria yet undeveloped, as well asbroader and more long-term conceptions of risk,uncertainty, and ignorance. Conflicts ofinterest and public participation are otherissues that need to be taken intoconsideration. GMP governance regimes that arejustifiable from a precautionary and ethicalpoint of view must transcend traditionalscientific boundaries to include alternativescientific perspectives as well as publicinvolvement.     

论三峡库区城市污水、垃圾处理市场化

论述了用市场化模式解决三峡库区城市污水处理场和垃圾处理场的建设和运营问题，并提出了市场化的总体架构。     

BUILDUP,WASHOFF, AND EVENT MEAN CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Most watershed water quality simulation models require the user to specify pollutant buildup and washoff rate parameters for pollutants, by land use. Buildup and washoff rates are difficult to measure directly, and only limited guidance and few observed data are available from the literature. Many studies, however, report storm event mean concentrations (EMCs). These EMCs must arise as a result of the buildup and washoff processes, but typically represent the net contribution from a variety of pervious and impervious surfaces. This paper explores the relationship between EMCs and buildup/washoff parameters. An assumption of the mathematical form of the buildup/washoff relationship gives an algebraic expression for the EMC consistent with model assumptions. This yields techniques to separate observed EMCs into contributions from different land uses and from pervious and impervious surfaces. Given this relationship, numerical optimization may be used to estimate site specific values of buildup and washoff parameters from observed storm EMCs for use in modeling. Use of this approach helps ensure that model parameters are consistent with observed data, providing a rational starting point for final model calibration. Several site examples demonstrate use of the method.