贵州喀斯特地区旅游资源的变异与可持续利用

喀斯特景观与民族文化是不可再生的旅游资源,其开发在促进喀斯特地区经济、文化发展的同时,也加剧了环境的损耗和地方特色的消失,旅游资源变异现象普遍发生。文中分析了资源变异的几种情况,并指出控制资源变异,实现可持续利用的途径     

纳米TiO2治理室内甲醛的实验研究

利用纳米材料TiO2对室内甲醛进行了治理研究。测定了TiO2在不同吸附剂量、吸附时间时的吸附效率、穿透时间和吸附容量。将TiO2、活性炭对甲醛的吸附效果进行了对比，结果表明，纳米材料TiO2对甲醛的吸附率比相同质量的活性炭高10％-15％；当吸附时间为13h时，TiO2对甲醛的吸附量比活性炭高28％；穿透时间比活性炭长2h。利用SEM图谱进行了机理分析。     

银、钕掺杂TiO_2催化光解甲基橙的实验研究

实验用水热合成法制备出银、钕掺杂TiO2催化剂粉体,然后以高压汞灯为光源,掺杂TiO2催化剂粉体为光化降解催化剂,探究对甲基橙模拟印染废水光催化分解的效果。光解实验研究采用正交设计法,以模拟废水浓度、催化剂用量、光照时间以及pH为因素,各因素选取4个水平,对催化光解甲基橙染料的降解率进行评价。分析结果表明:银、钕掺杂TiO2催化剂对甲基橙光化降解有良好的效果,最佳实验条件为:溶液pH为5,甲基橙的初始质量浓度为2 mg/L,催化剂投加量60 mg/L和光照时间80 min。在最佳条件下,连续光照8 h后甲基橙的降解率达到92%以上。     

沸石负载介孔TiO_2的制备及其可见光催化性能研究

以人工沸石为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,制备出了沸石负载介孔改性TiO2光催化剂。以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,研究了不同掺杂金属及介孔薄膜制备方法对纳米TiO2可见光催化性能的影响。用扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)等手段研究了掺杂改性前后TiO2的变化。研究发现,N-Fe掺杂可使催化剂的光吸收谱带红移。当掺杂Fe的比为0.2%,焙烧温度为500℃时制备的TiO2效果最好,在可见光照射2 h后,亚甲基蓝的去除率可达90%。研究表明经十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为模板剂修饰后的TiO2催化效果有明显提高,通过将经过萃取去除模板剂的共掺TiO2和直接高温焙烧的TiO2对比后发现,前者比后者降解亚甲基蓝的效果要好,原因在于,高温直接焙烧去除模板剂很容易使模板剂形成的骨架塌陷,减小了比表面积,从而影响了其光催化性能。     

TiO2/pg-C3N4复合催化剂的制备及光催化性能

通过简单的超声剥离分散和水热法,成功制得了具有多孔结构的TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄复合催化剂.利用XRD、SEM、TEM、UV-Vis DRS和PL对样品的形貌、结构及光学性能进行了表征.在模拟太阳光照射下,以RhB和MO为模拟污染物考察了TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄的光催化性能.结果表明：当TiO₂占pg-C₃N₄的质量分数为5%时,制得的TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄（5：100）复合催化剂具有最优的光催化性能.TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄（5：100）对RhB的光催化降解途径为O^2·-和h⁺使整个共轭发色团结构发生裂解.TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄（5：100）光催化性能的提高一方面是由于多孔结构增加了光催化反应的活性位点;另一方面是由于TiO₂与pg-C₃N₄之间形成了Z型异质结,与传统的Ⅱ型异质结相比,该复合催化剂不仅使光生载流子分离效率提高,同时保留了pg-C₃N₄导带电子的强还原性和TiO₂价带空穴的强氧化性.     

Photocatalytic degradation of L-acid by TiO2 supported on the activated carbon

Introduction Aromatic sulfonic acid, which is produced in large amounts in chemical industry since the end of 19th century, has been widely applied in many industrial processes, including the various steps of procedure (Alonso and Barcelo, 2000). Naphthalene- sulfonic acids are of importance as dye intermediates and commonly used in the textile auxiliary industry employing many azo dyes and pigments. Among them, 1-naphthol-5-sulphonic acid (L-acid) is widely used in the printing as the raw ma…     

Ecotoxic Effect of Photocatalytic Active Nanoparticles (TiO2) on Algae and Daphnids (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Due to their large potential for manifold applications, the use of nanoparticles is of increasing importance. As large amounts of nanoparticles may reach the environment voluntarily or by accident, attention should be paid on the potential impacts on the environment. First studies on potential environmental effects of photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles have been performed on the basis of widely accepted, standardized test systems which originally had been developed for the characterization of chemicals. The methods were adapted to the special requirements of testing photocatalytic nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: Suspensions of two different nanoparticles were illuminated to induce their photocatalytic activity. For testing, the growth inhibition test with the green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus and the immobilization test with the daphnid Daphnia magna were selected and performed following the relevant guidelines (algae: ISO 8692, OECD 201, DIN 38412-33; daphnids: ISO 6341, OECD 202, DIN 38412-30). The guidelines were adapted to meet the special requirements for testing photocatalytic nanoparticles. Results: The results indicate that it is principally possible to determine the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles. It was shown that nanoparticles may have ecotoxicological effects which depend on the nature of the particles. Both products tested differ in their toxicity. Product 1 shows a clear concentration-effect curve in the test with algae (EC50: 44 mg/L). It could be proven that the observed toxicity was not caused by accompanying contaminants, since the toxic effect was comparable for the cleaned and the commercially available product. For product 2, no toxic effects were determined (maximum concentration: 50 mg/L). In the tests with daphnids, toxicity was observed for both products, although the concentration effect-curves were less pronounced. The two products differed in their toxicity; moreover, there was a difference in the toxicity of illuminated and non-illuminated products. Discussion: Both products differ in size and crystalline form, so that these parameters are assumed to contribute to the different toxicities. The concentration-effect curves for daphnids, which are less-pronounced than the curves obtained for algae, may be due to the different test organisms and/or the differing test designs. The increased toxicity of pre-illuminated particles in the tests with daphnids demonstrates that the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles lasts for a period of time. Conclusions: The following conclusions can be drawn from the test results: (I) It is principally possible to determine the ecotoxicity of (photocatalytic) nanoparticles. Therefore, they can be assessed using methods comparable to the procedures applied for assessing soluble chemicals. - (II) Nanoparticles may exert ecotoxicological effects, which depend on the specific nanoparticle. - (III) Comparable to traditional chemicals, the ecotoxicity depends on the test organisms and their physiology. - (IV) The photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles lasts for a relevant period of time. Therefore, pre-illumination may be sufficient to detect a photocatalytic activity even by using test organisms which are not suitable for application in the pre-illumination-phase. Recommendations and Perspectives: First results are presented which indicate that the topic 'ecotoxicity and environmental effects of nanoparticles' should not be neglected. In testing photocatalytic nanoparticles, there are still many topics that need clarification or improvement, such as the cause for an observed toxicity, the improvement of the test design, the elaboration of a test battery and an assessment strategy. On the basis of optimized test systems, it will be possible to test nanoparticles systematically. If a potential risk by specific photocatalytic particles is known, a risk-benefit analysis can be performed and, if required, risk reducing measures can be taken.     

Enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate by CNT-TiO2 under UV-light assistance for efficient degradation of organic pollutants

CNT-TiO₂ composite is used to activate PMS under UV-light assistance. Superior performance is due to the enhanced electron-transfer ability of CNT. SO₄•⁻, •OH and ¹O₂ play key roles in the degradation of organic pollutants. In this work, a UV-light assisted peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system was constructed with the composite catalyst of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) - titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Under the UV light irradiation, the photoinduced electrons generated from TiO₂ could be continuously transferred to CNT for the activation of PMS to improve the catalytic performance of organic pollutant degradation. Meanwhile, the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs could enhance the photocatalysis efficiency. The electron spin resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and quenching experiments confirmed the generation of sulfate radical (SO₄•⁻), hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) in the UV/PMS/20%CNT-TiO₂ system. Almost 100% phenol degradation was observed within 20 min UV-light irradiation. The kinetic reaction rate constant of the UV/PMS/20%CNT-TiO₂ system (0.18 min⁻¹) was 23.7 times higher than that of the PMS/Co₃O₄ system (0.0076 min⁻¹). This higher catalytic performance was ascribed to the introduction of photoinduced electrons, which could enhance the activation of PMS by the transfer of electrons in the UV/PMS/CNT-TiO₂ system.     

无机阴离子对TiO2/SiO2光催化降解酸性红B活性的影响

以酸性红B为模型化合物，分别考察了6种常见的无机阴离子对TiO2/SiO2复合光催化剂活性的影响，并考察了导致催化剂失活的无机阴离子的最低浓度。结果表明，除了HCO3^-能引起催化剂部分不可逆中毒外，其余5种离子并没有在催化剂形成占位。失活的催化剂通过简的HCl冲洗即可再生。另外，对催化剂的失活机制作了初步探讨。     

前驱物结晶体升华成膜法制备TiO2薄膜及其光催化性研究

采用“前驱物结晶体升华成膜法”工艺，使含钛前驱物结晶体草酸氧钛酸以升华的方式，均匀地在玻璃表面形成前驱物薄膜；经过热处理，制备出外观平整透明的玻璃基TiO2薄膜，其薄膜厚度为80-100nm，粒度≤50nm。初步研究了制备条件、薄膜性能和本工艺制备的玻璃基TiO2纳米薄膜对甲基对硫磷的光催化降解性能。