不同晶面锐钛矿TiO2对正己烷和丙酮的催化降解

通过水热法(180 ℃)分别制备出{001}面表面含氟、{001}面表面不含氟和{101}面3种锐钛矿型TiO₂光催化剂(分别记为C-{001}-F、C-{001}和C-{101})。考察了3种光催化剂在室温光催化和光热协同催化条件下分别降解非极性分子正己烷和极性分子丙酮的催化活性。对于室温光催化降解正己烷和丙酮,3种催化剂有类似的活性顺序,C-{001}-F的活性最高,经表面去氟后的C-{001}活性下降,但与C-{101}的活性无显著差别。在光热协同催化条件下,3种催化剂的活性与室温光催化条件下相比均有显著提高。对于光热协同催化降解正己烷,C-{001}表现出最高的活性,显著高于C-{001}-F和C-{101};对于光热协同催化降解丙酮,C-{001}-F表现出最高的活性,而C-{001}与C-{101}的活性差别不大。     

附着态TiO2光催化降解壬基酚的研究

采用sol-gel法制备TiO2薄膜,以该薄膜为催化剂,研究了在H2O2存在的条件下,对内分泌干扰物质壬基酚的光催化降解反应。分别研究了pH值、H2O2的加入量,壬基酚的初始浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明：在pH=5,30mg／L的H2O2中对初始质量浓度为20mg／L壬基酚的溶液光照180min有较好的降解效果。     

二氧化钛纳米材料的环境健康和生态毒理效应

伴随着纳米科技的迅猛发展,各式各样的纳米材料被开发和生产出来,逐步进入到周围环境及生命体中,纳米材料的生物安全性和生态毒理学问题已引起了社会各界的普遍关注.纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)因具有良好的光催化特性、耐化学腐蚀性和热稳定性,而被广泛应用于涂料、废水处理、杀菌、化妆品、食品添加剂和生物医用陶瓷材料等与日常生活紧密相关的领域,因此,其将不可避免地进入环境和生态系统中引起相应的生物学效应(毒理学).论文从流行病学调查和实验研究两方面出发,综述了纳米TiO2对生物体(皮肤、肺、肝、肾和脑)、细胞(细胞膜、细胞生长和凋亡)和生态系统的影响,探讨了其毒性产生的可能机制.希望今后进一步加强对纳米TiO2的环境健康和生态毒性研究,以建立纳米TiO2的环境健康安全暴露评价体系,促进纳米技术的健康、安全和可持续发展。     

纳米二氧化钛对小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤

为探讨纳米TiO2对肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤效应,实验制备了锐钛矿型纳米TiO2颗粒(20～100nm),并采用不同浓度的纳米TiO(20、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8mg·mL-1)对25只昆明雄性小鼠进行染毒,5d后用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤程度.结果表明,随着纳米TiO2染毒浓度的升高,小鼠肝、肾细胞尾部DNA百分率(Tail DNA%)和尾矩(Tail Moment)均呈逐渐升高趋势;对于肝细胞,0.1mg·mL-1组Tail DNA%及Tail Moment与对照组无显著差异(p>0.05),≥0.2mg·mL-1组则显著升高(p<0.05或p<0.01);与肝细胞相比,肾细胞Tai lDNA%及Tail Moment变化更为显著,0.1mg·mL-1组即与对照组存在极显著差异(p<0.01).以上结果表明,纳米TiO2染毒可导致小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA损伤,且随染毒浓度的增加,损伤逐渐加重,呈一定的剂量-效应关系;与肝细胞相比,肾细胞对纳米TiO2更为敏感,较低浓度染毒即可造成DNA损伤.     

氨及其氧化产物对TiO_2/ACF光催化降解甲苯的影响

利用自制的复合材料二氧化钛/活性炭纤维(TiO2/ACF)和自行设计的环境模拟舱,对吸附在TiO2/ACF上的甲苯和氨进行了光催化降解研究。重点考察了氨及其氧化产物对甲苯光催化降解的影响。结果表明,在254 nm紫外灯照射下,氨与甲苯产生竞争光催化降解效应,甲苯光催化降解效率降低;NO2-和NO3-是氨光催化氧化产物,NO2-进一步氧化抑制甲苯降解,而NO3-的存在对甲苯降解没有明显影响;氨及其氧化产物均未导致催化剂失活。     

纳米TiO2光催化剂负载技术研究

纳米TiO2光催化剂在废水处理、空气净化等环保领域具有诱人的应用前景,将其负载于一定的载体上,并设计出高效的光反应器是其实用化的关键之一.本文对纳米TiO2光催化剂负载所用载体、固定方法及其效果、相关光催化化学反应器作了综合评述.     

Decomposition of mixed plastics consisting of polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate into oils over titania/silica catalysts

The catalytic decomposition of mixed plastics consisting of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been investigated over titania/silica catalysts at 698 K. The yield of oil produced was about 70%, and the large amounts of C₁₈₊ hydrocarbons this contained was from the aromatics in PET. Gas was also produced, including C₃–C₅ hydrocarbons. The carbon-number fractions in the oil was influenced by the PET/(PP + PET) ratios and the catalyst weight. The titania/silica catalysts could be used repeatedly, and after they had been fouled, could be regenerated. From the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopic data of adsorbed pyridine on the catalyst surface, most of the acid sites of the titania/silica catalysts were found to be Lewis sites where the hydride abstracted from PP pyrolysates react with PET pyrolysates to form oil and gas. Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: October 20, 2000     

Influence of phosphate on deposition and detachment of TiO2 nanoparticles in soil

We examined influence of phosphate on transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil. Deposition was reduced at higher pH and by adsorption of phosphate in soil. Release was more for NPs initially deposited at higher pH. Release was more for NPs initially deposited in the presence of phosphate. Surface roughness and charge heterogeneity play a role in the deposition/ release. The widespread use of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) makes inevitable their release into the soil. Phosphate is also widespread within soil, and is likely copresent with TiO₂ NPs. However, the influence of phosphate on deposition/release— and thereby on transport— of TiO₂ NPs in soil is yet to be elucidated. In this study we conducted saturated column experiments to systematically examine the transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil amended with phosphate at different ionic strengths (ISs) (1, 10, 100 mmol/L NaCl) and pHs (4 and 9). Results show that the deposition of TiO₂ NPs decreased with decreasing IS, increasing pH, and when soil absorbed phosphate. These observations are qualitatively in agreement with Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy calculations, because the repulsive energy barrier is larger and secondary minimum depth is smaller at a lower IS, higher pH, and in the presence of phosphate. Accordingly, both primary- and secondary-minimum deposition were inhibited. Interestingly, although the deposition was less at higher pH and in the presence of phosphate, the subsequent spontaneous detachment and detachment by reduction of solution IS in these cases were greater. In addition, the presence of phosphate in the solution can cause a small quantity of attached TiO₂ NPs to detach, even without perturbations of physical and chemical conditions. Our study was the first to investigate the influence of phosphate on detachment of TiO₂ NPs and the results have important implication for accurate prediction of fate and transport of TiO₂ NPs in subsurface environments.     

纳米TiO2-光催化灭活水中噬菌体MS2

提出了一种简易的水中病毒灭活方法,以噬菌体MS2为模式病毒,探讨了紫外光照射时间、TiO2浓度、紫外光强度对自来水中MS2灭活效率的影响;评价了太阳光代替紫外光用于光催化灭活病毒的可行性.研究结果表明,聚乙烯(PE)材质的样品袋能更好地透过紫外光;紫外光照射6h,50mg/L的TiO2可以灭活自来水中7.95Log的MS2;紫外光强度在45μW/m2以下时,灭活率随强度的提高而增加;在溪水中,50mg/L的TiO2仅有4.87Log的灭活效率. 在太阳光下,50mg/L的TiO2在自来水和溪水中对MS2的灭活效率差异不明显,都达到了6.1Log以上,表明太阳光-TiO2灭活水中的病毒可行且高效.