天山冰雪圈地貌过程和自然灾害

天山山地地貌过程受水热分布和地形的影响具有明显的水平和垂直分异性。因此，由地貌过程引起的自然灾害也具有区域分异和垂直分异性。天山冰雪圈指的是冰缘和冰川地貌景观带，其中的过程与自然灾害同样具有区域性和垂直性的分异。目前发生在天山冰雪圈的主要灾害为雪崩、泥石流、洪水和崩塌。本文主要讨论它们的形成条件、过程特征和成灾规律，并提出减灾的初步措施。     

Determining the drivers of population structure in a highly urbanized landscape to inform conservation planning

Understanding the environmental contributors to population structure is of paramount importance for conservation in urbanized environments. We used spatially explicit models to determine genetic population structure under current and future environmental conditions across a highly fragmented, human‐dominated environment in Southern California to assess the effects of natural ecological variation and urbanization. We focused on 7 common species with diverse habitat requirements, home‐range sizes, and dispersal abilities. We quantified the relative roles of potential barriers, including natural environmental characteristics and an anthropogenic barrier created by a major highway, in shaping genetic variation. The ability to predict genetic variation in our models differed among species: 11–81% of intraspecific genetic variation was explained by environmental variables. Although an anthropogenically induced barrier (a major highway) severely restricted gene flow and movement at broad scales for some species, genetic variation seemed to be primarily driven by natural environmental heterogeneity at a local level. Our results show how assessing environmentally associated variation for multiple species under current and future climate conditions can help identify priority regions for maximizing population persistence under environmental change in urbanized regions.     

基于GIS的祁连山植被NDVI对气温降水的旬响应分析

利用祁连山地区SPOTVGT-NDVI数据和气象站点旬平均气温、降水资料,运用最大化合成、趋势线分析和相关分析方法分析了祁连山植被的时空变化趋势,并从旬时间尺度上分析了祁连山植被对气温和降水的响应特征。结果表明：近10年来．祁连山年最大化植被NDVI增加了3．1％,植被改善、无变化和退化的面积分别占总面积的70．21％、21．44％和8．35％。祁连山植被NDVI对气温变化的响应大于降水,对气温和降水变化的最大响应滞后都为2句左右。秋季植被NDⅥ对气温和降水变化响应最大,夏季植被NDVI对气温和降水响应的滞后期长于春季和秋季。祁连山植被NDVI对气温和降水变化的旬最大响应表现为中段大于东段和西段,NDVI对气温和降水变化的最大响应滞后期呈现出西段〉中段〉东段的空间分布特征。     

The archaeology of deforestation in south coastal Turkey

The Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project investigates landscape transformation as a component to its regional survey of ancient Rough Cilicia (south coastal Turkey opposite Cyprus). Rough Cilicia was celebrated during antiquity for pristine cedar forests that stood between 1500 and 1800 m in altitude along the slopes of the Taurus Mountains. Today along the front range of the Taurus Mountains this forest is completely denuded or otherwise replanted with recent growth in the past 80 years. We employ paleoenvironmental analysis of relic cedar forests in the Taurus Mountains to construct a timeline of anthropogenic disturbances associated with population growth over time and thereby assess the sustainability of ancient forestry practices. To obtain these data, the team recovers pollen and carbon samples from geomorphologic trenches excavated in the cedar zone, tree ring data from dendrochronological survey of the existing forest, and archaeological data from remains of ancient highland settlements. Preliminary results indicate that current perspectives about the timing of deforestation in this region are flawed and that the initial deforestation coincided with regional site abandonment and population decline at the end of antiquity.     

秦岭西部不同发育阶段日本落叶松林凋落物层大型土壤动物群落特征

以秦岭西部小陇山林区不同发育阶段的日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)林为研究对象,探讨不同发育阶段日本落叶松林凋落物层的大型土壤动物群落特征.结果表明,10 a日本落叶松林土壤动物密度和类群丰富度均显著高于20和32 a日本落叶松林,而32 a日本落叶松林土壤动物群落密度又显著高于20 a日本落叶松林.不同发育阶段日本落叶松林土壤动物群落的营养功能群组成也发生了明显变化,随栽植林龄的增加,捕食性类群的比例先增加后降低,而腐食性+杂食性类群的比例先降低后增加,植食性类群的比例呈增加趋势.不同发育阶段日本落叶松林的正蚓科、线蚓科、倍足纲、幺蚣科、步甲科、蚁甲科、双翅目幼虫和蚁科土壤动物类群密度存在明显变化,进而改变了大型土壤动物群落结构和营养功能群组成.凋落物层土壤动物对不同发育阶段日本落叶松林的环境变化十分敏感,可以用来指示林下土壤环境变化.     

全球气候变化背景下祁连山生态问题的地质学探析

祁连山生态问题产生的根源主要在于全球气候变化背景下冰川、冻土、植被、径流等及其水文循环的变化.该文以地球系统科学为指导,在宏观尺度上从系统演化的角度去探讨在全球气候变化条件下祁连山生态问题,认为这些问题的产生与地质过程密不可分,应以生态地质学的理论来研究这些变化的生态地质过程,并指出未来进行祁连山生态问题研究的科学路径,为祁连山的生态保护、河西走廊社会经济的持续健康发展提供科学依据.     

秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异及其与地形因子的关系

在陕西省境内秦岭山脉中段油松-锐齿槲栎混交林集中分布的区域设置20 块调查样地,采取土壤样品测定了该区森林土壤0~20、20~40 和40~60 cm 3 个土层的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质7 项养分指标。通过计算不同土壤养分指标的变异系数并应用典范对应分析(CCA)技术,对秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异与海拔、坡位、坡向和坡度4 项地形因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:①单因素方差分析显示,随着土层深度增加,全氮、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈极显著下降趋势,而全磷、全钾在不同土层中的含量无显著性差异;②变异系数计算结果表明,各土层的7 项养分指标均表现为中等程度变异性,变异系数最大者是0~20 cm土层速效氮,最小者为0~20 cm土层全钾;③从CCA排序结果看,地形因子对不同土层养分变异的影响程度及因子种类明显不同。0~20 cm表层土壤养分变异受地形因子制约作用较小,20~40 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为坡向和海拔,40~60 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为海拔和坡位,而坡度和海拔则是控制0~60 cm整体土壤层养分变异的主要因素。综上所述,地形高异质性的微生境造成了秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间分布格局的差异。     

中国喀喇昆仑山珍稀濒危植物及特有种的生态地理分布

论文通过野外调查,对喀喇昆仑山区珍稀濒危植物及特有种的生态地理分布进行研究,结果表明：区内珍稀濒危植物共计34种,隶属15科18属,其中,国家重点保护野生植物16种,新疆重点保护野生植物18种;区内特有植物12科24属32种,其中,新疆特有种30种,西藏特有种2种;部分新疆特有种分布区呈趋异变化,昆仑独行菜（Lepidium kunlunshanicum G. L. Zhou et Z. X. An）、黄花点地梅（Androsace flavescens Maxim.）、密穗早熟禾（Poa spiciformis D.F.Cui）分布区扩展至西藏,绿叶柳（Salix metaglauca C. Y. Yang）、昆仑方枝柏（Sabina centrasiatica Kom）、阿克赛钦雪灵芝（Arenaria aksayqingensis L. H. Zhou）分布区缩减呈现濒危;研究区珍稀濒危及特有种水平分布以塔什库尔干县为中心,自西北向东南渐少。垂直分布集中于海拔 3 000~4 500 m的范围,且以多年生草本为主,兼具灌木和乔木类型。     

Visitor impact on backcountry campsites in the Great Smoky Mountains

Over the last decade the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) has experienced a tremendous increase in visitation, especially in backcountry camping. In 1976 there were an estimated 117,500 backcountry visitor nights, with a peak of 16,865 visitor nights in April. The high use season extends from March to October. Visitation tends to be concentrated in certain sections of the park and at specific sites. The Appalachian Trail, which includes about 8 percent of the maintained trail mileage, carried 32 percent of the visitor nights in 1976.Campsite disturbance is also concentrated in specific sites and sections of the park. Maximum camping disturbance per km of maintained trail was 3,400 m² for the sites on the Appalachian Trail. Shelter sites have more visitation per site and more total disturbance per site than open campsites, but shelters tend to have less intensive disturbance, such as bare soil, because they concentrate trampling impacts. Visitation levels were strongly correlated with disturbances such as bare soil at open campsites. Visitation was significantly correlated to the number of firepits at shelter sites but not to other types of disturbance. Regressions indicate that for each additional visitor night at a site (annual average), one can expect an additional 9 m² of total disturbance and 1 m²of bare soil. The distance of a site from the nearest road was not significantly correlated with damage or visitation. Elevation was correlated to visitation levels, especially in the case of the shelters. More legal sites and large illegal sites are in mesic forest types. Illegal camping accounted for 10 percent of the total camping disturbance.The data imply that the suggested removal of shelters will require redistribution of visitor use or replacement developments, such as tent platforms, in order to mitigate damage. Zone camping is a possible alternative but presents difficulties because campers may concentrate in certain plant communities and topographic positions.     

Wild pig populations in the National Parks

Populations of introduced European wild boar, feral pigs, and combinations of both types (all Susscrola L.) inhabit thirteen areas in the National Park Service system. All parks have relatively stable populations, with the exception of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which reported a rapidly expanding wild boar population. Suspected and documented impacts were apparently related to pig densities and sensitivity of the ecosystem; the three largest units with dense wild pig populations reported the most damage. Overall, wild pigs are a relatively minor problem for the Park Service; however, problems are severe in at least three parks, and there is potential for invasion of wild boars into several additional parks in the Appalachian Mountains. More specific information is needed on numbers of wild pigs and their impacts in the various parks.