Trace elements and rare earth elements in wet deposition of Lijiang, Mt. Yulong region, southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

In order to investigate the compositions and wet deposition fluxes of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in the precipitation of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, 38 precipitation samples were collected from March to August in 2012 in an urban site of Lijiang city in the Mt. Yulong region. The concentrations of most trace elements and REEs were higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, indicating that the lower concentrations of trace elements and REEs observed during monsoon had been influenced by the dilution effect of increased precipitation. The concentrations of trace elements in the precipitation of Lijiang city were slightly higher than those observed in remote sites of the Tibetan Plateau but much lower than those observed in the metropolises of China, indicating that the atmospheric environment of Lijiang city was less influenced by anthropogenic emissions, and, as a consequence, the air quality was still relatively good. However, the results of enrichment factor and principal component analysis revealed that some anthropogenic activities (e.g., the increasing traffic emissions from the rapid development of tourism) were most likely important contributors to trace elements, while the regional/local crustal sources rather than anthropogenic activities were the predominant contributors to the REEs in the wet deposition of Lijiang city. Our study was relevant not only for assessing the current status of the atmospheric environment in the Mt. Yulong region, but also for specific management actions to be implemented for the control of atmospheric inputs and the health of the environment for the future.     

排水对若尔盖高寒沼泽CO2和CH4排放通量的影响

建立3块标准样地（天然沼泽、1990s和1970s排水沼泽）,于2014年生长季期间,采用静态箱-快速温室气体分析仪野外原位观测CO₂和CH₄排放通量.结果表明：沼泽排水增加了土壤温度（5,20,45cm）,但降低沼泽水位;1990s[（680±329）mg CO₂/（m²·h）]和1970s排水沼泽[（973±234）mg CO₂/（m²·h）]生态系统CO₂排放通量分别较天然沼泽增加了200%和330%,但CH₄排放通量[（0.78±0.52）mg CH₄/（m²·h）]和[（-0.01±0.02）mg CH₄/（m²·h）]较天然沼泽分别降低了90%和100%;综合考虑两者排放通量,1990s[（186±89）mg C/（m²·h）]和1970s排水沼泽[（265±64）mg C/（m²·h）]生态系统碳（C）排放通量较天然沼泽分别增加了180%和300%.天然沼泽、1990s和1970s排水沼泽生态系统CO₂排放通量与5cm土壤温度存在显著正相关,而仅1990s排水沼泽生态系统CO₂排放通量与水位存在显著负相关.天然沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与土壤温度（5,20,45cm）存在显著正相关,但1970s排水沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与土壤温度（20,45cm）存在显著负相关,1990s排水沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与水位存在显著正相关.沼泽排水显著增加了若尔盖高寒沼泽生态系统C排放通量,降低了沼泽C汇功能,可能增强区域气候变暖.     

黄土高原中部麻栎宽度年表的气候响应特征初探

黄土高原是世界上水土流失最严重和生态环境最脆弱的地区之一,由于人类活动的日益频繁,森林面积急剧缩小,现有林地多为人为破坏后形成的天然次生林。目前很难在该区找到适合树轮气候学研究的老龄针叶树种,在此背景下,寻找适合开展树轮气候学研究的替代树种尤为重要。本研究以黄土高原中部桥山林区的老龄麻栎林为研究对象,为该区建立了近一百多年的标准年表（1891—2016）和差值年表（1884—2016）,评估其树轮气候学研究潜力。相关计算表明,麻栎差值年表与当年3—7月降水量相关最高（r=0.58,p＜0.001）,几乎达到了可以重建的水平。该年表还与陕西中北部旱涝指数和黄土高原西部树轮降水重建序列显著相关,共同反映了区域降水变化历史。空间相关分析也进一步说明了桥山麻栎差值年表对区域降水量变化具有较强代表性。本文首次利用黄土高原中部阔叶树种开展树轮气候学研究,发现了麻栎树轮宽度年表具有记录过去降水变化的巨大潜力。     

Characteristics of regional climate change and pattern analysis on Ordos Plateau

The characteristics of precipitation, temperature and their combination determine the special ecological environment pattern of Ordos Plateau. Analyzing its evolutionary trend attributes to understanding the succession process of the ecological environment of Ordos Plateau and has crucial instructional significance on the ecological restoration research being conducted in this region. Four time scales, arranging from ten days, one month, one season (growing season contrasting to non-growing season)to one year were adopted to analyze the climate data which included nearly 30 years and were collected by eight weather stations on Ordos Plateau. The results indicated that the mean annual temperature and the mean monthly temperature of February, September and December, had increased significantly during the late 30 years. The annual precipitation did not show significant changes but its distribution pattern had changed obviously. The ratio of precipitation of major growing season (May-October)to annual precipitation had increased distinctively, and five counties‘ precipitation reached statistically significant level.And the ratio of precipitation of latter growing season (September)to one year decreased significantly while the ratio of non-growing season (November-next April)to one year changed insignificantly. The results showed that maybe the interaction of increased mean temperature and insignificant change of precipitation in non-growing season was one of the reasons why the desertifieation of the region was deteriorating in recent years. Using some factors closely relating to vegetation succession such as mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, distributive pattern of precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest month,mean temperature of growing season, precipitation of growing season, potential evapotranspiration(PET) and radiative dryness index( RD1), to synthetically analyze the climate characteristics of Ordos Plateau. The regionalized Ordos Plateau to three synthetical climate types were recognized as follows: Type 1, semi-humid and low evaporation(including Jungar Banner, Dongsheng City and Ejin Horo Banner), Type 11,semi-arid, semi-humid and moderate evaporation(including Uxin Banner and Dalad Banner), Type 111, arid and high evaporation(including Hanggin Banner,Otag Banner and Otog Qian Banner).     

黄土高原植被数量区划研究

采用GIS技术与数量生态分析技术(TWINSPAN)相结合的方法,对黄土高原植被进行数量区划。植被数量区划的结果表明:黄土高原可划分为4个植被区,包括5个植被亚区,与黄土高原植被DCA、CCA、DCCA排序的结果相吻合。     

植被-侵蚀动力学模型参数的确定及在黄土高原的应用

植被-侵蚀动力学是研究流域植被与侵蚀在人类活动影响下演变规律的一门新的边缘学科。由植被-侵蚀动力学模型可绘制植被-侵蚀状态图,以预测停止人为干扰后植被及侵蚀变化趋势,评价水土保持措施成效,提出小流域优化治理方略。植被-侵蚀动力学模型4个参数a、c、b、f是流域重要特征参数,其值的确定是进行植被-侵蚀动力学模拟及绘制植被-侵蚀状态图的前提和基础。它们依赖于流域气候、土壤和地形地貌。本文以黄土高原典型小流域为例,采用试算法确定了它们的取值,通过相关分析发现参数a与P、T,参数c、b、f与D50、S之间存在明显的相关关系,并得到了相关关系式。将其用于吕二沟小流域植被-侵蚀动力学模拟,结果与实际情况符合较好。绘制了各参数的取值分布图。最后以燕儿沟小流域为例,将以上相关关系式用于植被-侵蚀状态图的绘制,及小流域自然状况、植被-侵蚀状态及水土保持效果的评价。     

黄土高原旱塬地冬小麦水分生产潜力与土壤水分动态的模拟研究

在EPIC模型介绍和模拟精度验证的基础上,利用EPIC模型对黄土高原旱塬地冬小麦水分生产潜力和土壤水分动态进行了中期(12a)和长期(30a)评价定量模拟研究。结果表明:(1)在12a实时气象条件下的模拟时段内,旱塬地小麦水分生产潜力随降水量变化呈现波动性降低趋势,3m土层土壤有效含水量也表现为剧烈波动性和逐渐下降趋势,土壤干燥化趋势明显;(2)在30a模拟气象条件下的模拟时段内,旱塬地小麦水分生产潜力呈现波动性轻微降低趋势,3m土层土壤有效含水量季节性和年际间波动性显著,但土壤干燥化趋势并不明显;(3)综合分析认为,在降水量减少幅度不显著的情况下,旱塬地麦田土壤干燥化只是一种短期现象,不会导致长期性土壤强烈干燥化现象发生,但产量随降水量变化的波动性不可避免。     

臭氧层耗损对对流层大气质量的影响和在中国的响应

平流层臭氧损耗导致透射到近地面的UV-B辐射的增加,加强了低对流层的能量来源,增强了大气氧化性和化学反应性,特别是加快O₃、颗粒物、酸性物质等二次污染物的生成和一些有机污染物的光解,加剧如光化学烟雾、酸沉降等城市和区域性的大气污染,从而改变对流层的大气组成和空气质量.在中国,UV-B的增加会对城市和区域的空气质量、酸雨污染以及青藏高原地区的环境产生重要的影响.      

黄土高原蒸发力的计算和应用——兼谈改善生态环境的途径

蒸发力是气候学上的一个重要特征量。在水利工程设计、灌溉定额的制定、农林牧的合理布局需要以蒸发力资料为依据。彭曼公式具有较可靠的物理基础和计算精度较高的优点,在国际上得到了广泛的应用。我国某些学者在运用该公式时,未考虑海拔高度对蒸发力的影响,因此在高海拔地区应用彭曼公式会产生较大的误差。 本文应用高度订正后的彭曼公式:计算了黄土高原地区的蒸发力。 森林减弱了近地层风速,降低了该地区的蒸发力,农田水分状况得到了改善。     

黄土高原植被演替不同阶段植物系数的变化与适应性评价

用4年长期定位试验资料,利用植物系数、蒸散量、土壤含水量和土壤水分对植物的有效性等指标,研究了黄土高原植被群落不同演替阶段(草本群落→灌木群落→早期森林群落→顶级群落)的耗水特性与生态适应性。结果表明:不同演替阶段,群落实际蒸散量主要受降水控制,群落间差异不显著(P＞0.05);土壤含水量是早期森林群落明显高于其它群落,草本群落明显高于灌木群落(P＜0.05);植物系数是灌木群落＞草本群落＞乔木群落,而顶级群落大于早期森林群落;土壤水分对植物的有效性是早期森林和顶级群落明显高于草本和灌木群落(P＜0.05)。因此,进行植被建设不但要考虑植物系数还要考虑土壤水分对不同植物的有效性。