Trace elements and rare earth elements in wet deposition of Lijiang, Mt. Yulong region, southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

In order to investigate the compositions and wet deposition fluxes of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in the precipitation of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, 38 precipitation samples were collected from March to August in 2012 in an urban site of Lijiang city in the Mt. Yulong region. The concentrations of most trace elements and REEs were higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, indicating that the lower concentrations of trace elements and REEs observed during monsoon had been influenced by the dilution effect of increased precipitation. The concentrations of trace elements in the precipitation of Lijiang city were slightly higher than those observed in remote sites of the Tibetan Plateau but much lower than those observed in the metropolises of China, indicating that the atmospheric environment of Lijiang city was less influenced by anthropogenic emissions, and, as a consequence, the air quality was still relatively good. However, the results of enrichment factor and principal component analysis revealed that some anthropogenic activities (e.g., the increasing traffic emissions from the rapid development of tourism) were most likely important contributors to trace elements, while the regional/local crustal sources rather than anthropogenic activities were the predominant contributors to the REEs in the wet deposition of Lijiang city. Our study was relevant not only for assessing the current status of the atmospheric environment in the Mt. Yulong region, but also for specific management actions to be implemented for the control of atmospheric inputs and the health of the environment for the future.     

高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化及其驱动力

基于3S技术,应用Fragstats软件对高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区1990、2000和2007年3期TM解译图进行分析,研究保护区景观格局变化动态及其驱动力。结果表明,退化沼泽为若尔盖国家级自然保护区的景观基底,2007年达保护区总面积的48.05%。保护区建立前后的10 a间(1990—2000年),湖泊、河流、沼泽面积萎缩,主要演变为退化沼泽和草甸,退化沼泽、草甸和灌丛面积分别增加1 978.60、2 559.09和824.27 hm2,斑块数减少,景观破碎度和异质性降低,聚合度和优势度增加;建立国家级自然保护区后(2000—2007年),河流面积小幅恢复,但湿地退化仍是主要趋势,湖泊和沼泽面积持续减小,草场面积持续增加,沙地面积增加1 929.00 hm2,斑块数增加,聚合度和优势度下降,景观破碎度和异质性回升。气候变暖等自然因素和人为排水疏干、过度放牧、无序旅游、基础建设等干扰影响是湿地退化的主要驱动力。     

高原环境对车用柴油机的影响分析及对策

总结了高原地区环境特点,全面深入分析了高原环境对车用柴油机的影响。通过特种车辆高原适应性分析,发现加速特性和爬坡性能是制约车辆高原适应性好坏的最主要因素。特别针对柴油机的加速特性和扭矩特性曲线进行研究,并提出了相关技术措施,为研究进一步提高柴油机高原环境适应性提供了思路。     

高原山地城市农田氮、磷表观平衡演变特征——以昆明市为例

氮、磷平衡是影响农田污染潜势和农业生产的主要因子.农田化肥过量施用导致的氮、磷大量流失已成为我国非点源污染的重要来源.本研究基于农田氮、磷表观平衡模型,以高原山地城市昆明市为例,评估了1980—2015年农田的氮、磷输入、输出与平衡演变特征.结果表明:①1980—2015年,昆明市农田氮平衡始终处于盈余的状态,盈余量以4070 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,而农田磷从1981年开始转变为盈余状态,盈余量以590 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,农田氮盈余量增长速度高于磷盈余量增长速度,未来农田氮污染潜势可能高于磷;②化肥和有机肥是昆明市农田氮、磷输入的主要来源,自1995年化肥取代有机肥成为氮输入的主要来源,自1983年起化肥成为农田磷的最大输入项;③氮、磷输出量均呈现逐年增长趋势,其中,氮输出量增长速度为3430 t·a~(-1),磷输出量增长速度为100 t·a~(-1),农田氮、磷输出量远低于输入量;④昆明市农田氮、磷平衡特征在不同海拔区域呈现显著异质性,1980—2015年海拔2400 m以下的农田氮、磷表观平衡情况变化最为明显,平均增长了12.48倍,2400 m农田变化次之,2400 m以下农田变化较小.     

高原气候环境对装备影响及适应性措施

高原地区因地势高而使其自然气候极为特殊复杂,骤变的气候环境易使装备出现“水土不服”的现象,因此高原环境对装备环境适应性提出了更高要求。本文根据高原气候特点以及装备结构组成,从机械系统、动力系统、光学系统、液压系统、电子系统、调温系统、供水系统和装备材料等方面,对高原气候对装备的影响情况进行了分析,有针对性地提出了装备高原环境适应性解决措施,此基础上对加强装备环境适应性提出了建议。     

云南高原紫外辐射强度变化时空特征分析

对云南低纬高原地区不同海拔高度和经纬度站点的太阳紫外辐射强度观测资料进行了分析,讨论了紫外辐射强度在云南全境的时空分布特征。结果表明:①紫外辐射的基本变化主要受天文因子的影响,其一般变化特征与总辐射有良好的对应关系,具有明显的日变化和年变化。②紫外辐射强度受测站纬度的影响,随测站纬度的升高而减小,其同经度递减率为纬度每增加1°,紫外辐射强度干、雨季分别减小0.679W/m²和0.157W/m²;不同经度分别减小0.340W/m²和0.306W/m²,且紫外辐射强度随纬度的变化率干季大于雨季,具有明显的干雨季特征。③紫外辐射强度受测站海拔高度的影响,随测站海拔高度的增加而增加,其变化率为海拔高度每上升100m,紫外辐射强度干、雨季分别增加0.202W/m²、0.090W/m²,同样具有明显的干雨季特征。     

青藏高原纳木错流域水体总汞的时空分布特征

为研究青藏高原纳木错流域水体中总汞的时空分布特征,于2007～2010年对纳木错湖表层水及入湖河水进行了采样,检测了其总汞浓度,并分析了总汞浓度与降水量、河水径流量等的关系.结果表明,纳木错表层湖水和河水中的总汞质量浓度均值分别为(1.09±0.73)ng.L-1和(2.87±2.59)ng.L-1,显著低于受到汞污染的水体.近岸带湖水的总汞浓度在季风期远大于非季风期,而其浓度水平和空间变化明显大于湖心区.河水的总汞浓度季节变化明显,表现为季风盛期最高且波动最大,而季风期后最低,这与降水量变化趋势基本一致.对你亚曲的定点观测表明,河水总汞浓度的时间变化与径流量一致.入湖河流总汞浓度的空间分布特征在不同的时间表现不同,这可能是由河流的流域面积、流域内土壤汞本底值及补给方式的差异引起的.     

Abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in Tibetan and Yunnan plateau agricultural soils of China

As low oxygen and high ultraviolet （UV） exposure might significantly affect the microbial existence in plateau, it could lead to a specialized microbial community. To determine the abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA） in agricultural soil of plateau, seven soil samples were collected respectively from farmlands in Tibet and Yunnan cultivating the wheat, highland-barley, and colza, which are located at altitudes of 3200-3800 m above sea level. Quantitative PCR （q-PCR） and clone library targeting on amoA gene were used to quantify the abundances of AOA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB）, and characterize the community structures of AOA in the samples. The number of AOA cells （9.34 × 10^7-2.32× 10^8 g^-1 soil） was 3.86-21.84 times greater than that of AOB cells （6.91 × 10^6-1.24 × 10^8 g^-1 soil） in most of the samples, except a soil sample cultivating highland- barley with an AOA/AOB ratio of 0.90. Based Kendall＇s correlation coefficient, no remarkable correlation between AOA abundance and the environmental factor was observed. Additionally, the diversities of AOA community were affected by total nitrogen and organic matter concentration in soils, suggesting that AOA was probably sensitive to several environmental factors, and could adjust its community structure to adapt to the environmental variation while maintaining its abundance.     

青藏高原北缘银石山地区差异隆升机制

青藏高原北缘银石山地区晚新生代区域构造体制总体为南北向挤压，其主要构造表现有EW向断裂发育及其逆冲活动导致断块的差异抬升、渐新世阿克塔什组中两期挤压褶皱构造、新构造平移断裂发育及其形成多种类型的走滑成因型湖泊等。该地区详细的野外地质调查未发现晚新生代伸展构造形迹。其新构造特征的形成机制可解释为：晚新生代岩石圈地幔的拆沉及软流圈地幔的上隆使上部岩石圈破裂和抬升，同时印度板块与塔里木板块持续的南北向挤压作用使测区总体处于强烈的区域挤压应力场中，从而使表壳地块沿破裂面产生逆冲运动，并造成差异隆升。     

高原湖泊环境与生态系统综合研究框架设计

湖泊是一个相对完整的生态系统。对高原湖泊特征的比较及动态过程，对数字湖泊及决策支持、评估系统的开发等进行了研究，通过建立数据库，从基础研究和应用层面为湖泊治理技术的系统化组织提供认识基础，在此基础上研究建立基于物理化学和生态机理的湖泊大型水质模型的方法和实用技术。