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331.
A. Peters L. B. Astheimer C. R. J. Boland A. Cockburn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,47(6):438-445
Testosterone has been proposed as a physiological link between the level of sexual signalling and male condition. Bright plumage
is one of the most noticeable sexual signals and is often used by females as a basis for mate choice. Yet bright male plumage
is not necessarily testosterone dependent. We investigated the role of testosterone in the moult into seasonal nuptial plumage
in male superb fairy-wrens. Early pre-nuptial moult is under intense intersexual selection and males can acquire the bright
plumage any time between autumn and the next spring. Testosterone was always undetectable or very low in males in dull eclipse
plumage. During the pre-nuptial moult, both the number of males with detectable testosterone and average testosterone levels
increased sharply. High testosterone was more correlated with nuptial plumage than with presence of the cloacal protuberance
(indicative of sperm storage). Subcutaneous testosterone implants always induced the pre-nuptial moult within 2–3 weeks after
implantation, even well outside the natural time range of moulting. Moreover, removal of the implants before the nuptial plumage
was completed, arrested the moult process. The evidence suggests that development of the nuptial plumage is testosterone dependent,
although we cannot exclude that testosterone exerts its action after conversion to a metabolite such as oestrogen. Once the
nuptial plumage was completed, all males maintained substantially elevated testosterone, sometimes months before the onset
of breeding. These high levels could be necessary to maintain the plumage, and/or are involved in courtship displays. The
results are discussed with respect to potential costs involved in acquiring and maintaining the nuptial plumage.
Received: 17 January 2000 / Received in revised form: 24 February 2000 / Accepted: 25 February 2000 相似文献
332.
333.
为研究多因素影响下系统遭遇危险事件前预防方案的选优,在集对分析和空间故障树基础上提出比选方法。首先,论述集对分析与空间故障树理论结合的可行性;其次,研究系统故障预防的多因素多方案比选方法和步骤;最后,通过实例进行分析。研究结果表明:停运方案没有因素分量系数影响,其损失是停运带来的经济损失;无措施方案的系统常分量系数最小,因素分量系数最大;采取措施方案中,当常分量系数相差不大时,因素分量系数积最小者为最优方案。使用赵森烽-克勤概率表示危险事件的发生特征是可行的;常分量系数代表方案对系统故障预防效用的可靠性,因素分量系数代表该可靠性的稳定性;结合常分量系数和因素分量系数即可确定最优方案。该方法适合于故障发生对因素变化敏感的系统。 相似文献
334.
非点源污染负荷模型的比较与选择 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
随着点源污染治理的深入,非点源污染的严重性日益凸显。对非点源污染进行定量化和有效控制的方法是通过非点源污染负荷模型对各类非点源的形成、迁移转化以及负荷量进行模拟。然而,非点源污染模型大都由发达国家开发,而且结构和参数各不相同,如何在实际应用中选择适合的模型成为非点源污染模拟的重要问题。文章选择国内常用的SWAT、HSPF、AnnAGNPS和GWLF 4个非点源污染模型,从结构、输入输出以及所应用的流域来对模型进行比较,最后给出非点源污染模型在国内使用时,模型选择的原则和建议。 相似文献
335.
Tissue-specific congener composition of organohalogen and metabolite contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gebbink WA Sonne C Dietz R Kirkegaard M Riget FF Born EW Muir DC Letcher RJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(3):621-629
Congener patterns of the major organohalogen contaminant classes of PCBs, PBDEs and their metabolites and/or by-products (OH-PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) were examined in adipose tissue, liver, brain and blood of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). PCB, OH-PCB, MeSO2-PCB and PBDE congener patterns showed significant differences (p相似文献
336.
使用 1994年 7月— 2 0 0 0年 7月大气CO2 和地面风现场连续观测资料 ,分析了瓦里关全球大气本底基准站 (36°17′N ,10 0°5 4′E ,海拔 3816m)地面风变化对大气CO2 本底浓度的影响 .结果表明 ,水平风向、风速和垂直风向、风速的变化对大气CO2 观测值的影响在春、夏、秋、冬季有明显不同 .由大量观测事实的统计平均还给出了瓦里关山大气CO2 浓度在不同季节的分布范围和日变化类型 ,并分析了形成原因 .将地面风数据作为大气CO2 本底资料的过滤因子之一 ,提出了适用于不同使用目的和要求的我国内陆高原地区大气CO2 本底数据筛选方法 相似文献
337.
338.
用物元分析进行水质环境监测优化布点的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文首次提出利用物元分析对水质环境监测优化布点的新方法。在确定了最佳和最次理想点基础上,建立了标准事物和节域事物的物元矩阵。该法具有计算简便、分析合理和容易推广的优点。 相似文献
339.
According to sexual selection theory, females should selectively mate with high-quality males to enhance offspring survival and maximize reproductive success. Yet, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) females are known to mate promiscuously. Although there is substantial rationale for a promiscuous mating strategy, there is also a strong expectation that females should be selective, and the question arises as to whether promiscuity precludes female choice. The aims of this study are to: (1) compare wild female chimpanzee sexual strategies throughout estrus, and (2) determine whether females exhibit mate preferences for particular males. Over 2,600 h of data were collected on two habituated chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) communities in the Taï National Park, Côte dIvoire. Female mate preferences were measured by quantifying proceptivity and receptivity toward males. Results indicate that all females exhibited proceptivity and resistance to male solicitations, but that there was substantial variation in their magnitudes within and among females. Female proceptivity rates were lower and resistance rates were higher in the periovulatory period (POP) when conception is most likely. Females were more selective during POP, and more promiscuous outside of POP, suggesting that females may follow a mixed reproductive strategy, being selective when conception is likely and more promiscuous when conception is unlikely. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering the fertility window when determining female mate preferences, and of examining female behavior in POP and non-POP phases separately when evaluating hypotheses for multi-male mating.Communicated by C. Nunn 相似文献
340.
Joan B. Silk Susan C. Alberts Jeanne Altmann 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(2):197-204
A growing body of evidence suggests that social bonds have adaptive value for animals that live in social groups. Although these findings suggest that natural selection may favor the ability to cultivate and sustain social bonds, we know very little about the factors that influence the quality or stability of social bonds. Here, we draw on data derived from a 16-year study of baboons living in seven different social groups in the Amboseli basin of Kenya to evaluate the quality and stability of social bonds among females. Our results extend previous analyses, which demonstrate that females form the strongest bonds with close maternal and paternal kin, age mates (who may be paternal kin), and females who occupy similar ranks but are not maternal relatives. Here we show that the same factors influence the quality and strength of social bonds. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the quality of social bonds directly affects their stability. 相似文献