层次分析法在工业园区企业入驻选择中的应用

基于工业园区企业入驻过程中缺乏严格的准入机制的现象以及由此形成潜在环境危害因素的状况,把层次分析法的原理和方法引入到工业园区的选择当中。从经济效益、社会效益、资源消耗以及环境影响等角度考虑,建立企业选择评价指标体系,进行企业总体价值的评价。结论表明：4个一级指标中,环境影响对评价结果的影响最大,社会效益的影响最小,而环境影响中的COD、SO2、NO2、重金属及危险废物的影响都比较明显。运用层次分析法,可将相对复杂的判断过程变得清晰明了。     

滨海重化工选址中海洋要素研究——以泉惠石化工业区为例

从海洋自然资源支撑能力、环境制约因子、与相关规划的符合性等方面提出了滨海重化工项目选址阶段应着重考虑的海洋要素。只有在选址阶段综合考虑资源、环境、政策法规等因素,才能兼顾经济快速发展和可持续发展,避免出现海洋资源约束和生态环境约束两大瓶颈,取得经济发展与环境保护双赢。     

Pre-pupation behaviour of the aphid parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius ervi</Emphasis> (Haliday) and its consequences for pre-imaginal learning

Olfactory learning may occur at different stages of insect ontogeny. In parasitoid wasps, it has been mostly shown at adult emergence, whilst it remains controversial at pre-imaginal stages. We followed larval growth of the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius ervi Haliday, inside the host aphid, Acyrthosiphom pisum Harris, and characterised in detail the behaviour of third instar larvae. We found that just before cocoon spinning begins, the third instar larva bites a hole through the ventral side of the mummified aphid exoskeleton. We then evaluated whether this period of exposure to the external environment represented a sensitive stage for olfactory learning. In our first experiment, the third instar larvae were allowed to spin their cocoon on the host plant (Vicia faba L.) surface or on a plastic plate covering the portion of the host plant exposed to the ventral opening. Recently emerged adults of the first group showed a preference for plant volatiles in a glass Y-olfactometer, whereas no preference was found in adults of the second group. In a second experiment, during the period in which the aphid carcass remains open or is being sealed by cocoon spinning, third instar larvae were exposed for 24 h to either vanilla odours or water vapours as control. In this experiment, half of the parasitoid larvae were later excised from the mummy to avoid further exposure to vanilla. Adult parasitoids exposed to vanilla during the larval ventral opening of the mummy showed a significant preference for vanilla odours in the olfactometer, regardless of excision from the mummy. The larval behaviour described and the results of the manipulations performed are discussed as evidences for the acquisition of olfactory memory during the larval stage and its persistence through metamorphosis.     

Sperm competition promotes diversity of sperm bundles in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ohomopterus</Emphasis> ground beetles

Diversification of sperm morphology has been investigated in the context of sperm competition, but the adaptive significance of sperm bundles is still unclear. In analyzing 10 taxa of the genus Carabus subgenus Ohomopterus and one related Carabus ground beetles, we found that dimorphic sperm bundles occurred in most species with varied degrees of bimodality, whereas sperm were generally monomorphic. Comparative analyses with phylogenetically independent contrasts revealed that the sizes of large and small sperm bundles evolved more rapidly than, and were not correlated with, the length of sperm, suggesting more intense selection on sperm bundle sizes and their independent responses to different evolutionary forces. The size of large sperm bundles was positively correlated with male genital morphology (pertinent to displacement of rival spermatophores) and postcopulatory guarding duration as well as male body length, suggesting that larger sperm bundles have been favored when the risk of spermatophore displacement is high. Larger sperm bundles may be advantageous because of their ability to migrate more rapidly into the spermatheca. In contrast, no clear association was detected between the small sperm bundle size and mating traits despite its rapid diversification. The present study provides the first record of heteromorphic sperm bundles, the diversity of which may be promoted by sperm competition.     

The attractiveness fragment—AFLP analysis of local adaptation and sexual selection in a caeliferan grasshopper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chorthippus biguttulus</Emphasis>

Genetic variability among males is a necessary precondition for the evolution of female choice based on indirect genetic benefits. In addition to mutations and host–parasite cycles, migration of locally adapted individuals offers an explanation for the maintenance of genetic variability. In a previous study, conducting a reciprocal transplant experiment on a grasshopper, Chorthippus biguttulus, we found that environmental conditions significantly influenced not only body condition but also an important trait of male calling song, the amplitude of song. Although not significant, all other analysed physical and courtship song traits and attractiveness were superior in native than in transferred males. Thus, we concluded that local adaptation has a slight but consistent influence on a range of traits in our study populations, including male acoustic attractiveness. In our present study, we scanned male grasshoppers from the same two populations for amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci connected with acoustic attractiveness to conspecific females. We found greater differences in allele frequencies between the two populations, for some loci, than are expected from a balance between drift and gene flow. These loci are potentially connected with locally adapted traits. We examined whether these alleles show the proposed genotype environment interaction by having different associations with attractiveness in the two populations. One locus was significantly related to sexual attractiveness; however, this was independent of the males’ population affiliation. Future research on the evolution of female choice will benefit from knowledge of the underlying genetic architecture of male traits under intraspecific sexual selection, and the ‘population genomics’ approach can be a powerful tool for revealing this structure.     

On the defensive behavior of the grass snake <Emphasis Type="Italic">Natrix natrix</Emphasis> (Linnaeus, 1758)

Demonstrative imitations in the defensive behavior of grass snakes (Natrix natrix) captured in the Galich’ya Gora Reserve (70 ind.) and Kulikovskii Forestry (13 ind.), Lipetsk oblast, have been analyzed using statistical methods. The results suggest that grass snakes can play dead and imitate a venomous snake independently of their sex, age, and experience in receiving injuries. At the same time, there is evidence that such an ability is a hereditary trait subject to natural selection.     

山西省庞泉沟大气环境背景监测站建设经验探讨

建设国家级大气环境背景监测站是系统掌握区域性大气环境质量,是大气环境管理重要的基础性工作。本研究以山西省庞泉沟大气环境背景监测站建设为例,基于站点选址原则、选取方法说明的基础上,介绍了庞泉沟大气环境背景监测站点位确定的考量因素,以及该站点基建内容、监测项目和质量控制体系等建设、运行情况,并梳理了该站建设、运行过程中的仍存在问题及改进建议,期望对中国同类型大气环境背景监测站建设、运行提供借鉴与参考。     

印染废水反渗透深度处理的预处理工艺选择研究

在某大型印染企业生化出水的反渗透法深度处理中试试验中,分别采用三种预处理工艺:盘式过滤、板框压滤、(Flow-split(R)) SMF浸没式超滤.对反渗透系统的三种预处理工艺的运行情况、出水水质情况进行对比分析.分析结果表明,第一和第二种工艺的稳定性低,出水水质差,(Flow-split(R)) SMF系统能够去除大部分颗粒污染物,产水水质较好,产水流量较大,回收率高,大大减轻了RO膜的污染负荷,而且该工艺流程短、占地面积小、能耗低,作为RO系统的预处理工艺,具有较大优势.     

个体防护装备在受限空间作业中的选择配备与使用管理

近年来,受限空间伤害事故频发,已引起各相关部门的重视。个体防护装备的合理正确选用在避免受限空间伤害事故的发生上起着至关重要的作用。本文通过典型案例,仅从个体防护装备的配备和管理角度分析事故的致因,并根据受限空间内所存在的各种危害类别及形式探讨个体防护装备的选配以及合理的使用与管理,以期能够有效地防止或减少受限空间内作业伤害事故的发生。     

Tropical arboreal ant mosaics: innate attraction and imprinting determine nest site selection in dominant ants

The modalities of nest site selection have, until now, been a key factor missing in the understanding of the arboreal ant mosaic, the manipulation of which could be used to favour one ant species to the detriment of others in biological control. We compared two dominant African arboreal ants of economic importance, Tetramorium aculeatum (Myrmicinae) and Oecophylla longinoda (Formicinae). The two species differed in terms of innate attraction to nesting site plants, their hierarchies of attractiveness being nearly inverse. Winged females and workers were confronted with choice tests using four plant species. By using winged females and workers originating from one of the plants to be tested, we showed the existence of a familiarisation process which can supersede innate attraction in both species. We recorded the same effect in neonatal workers bred in the laboratory in contact with a tested plant for 25 days after emergence, while mature workers could not be conditioned. There is, therefore, early learning, with a sensitive period after which the influence of the environment ceases, suggesting that this is a true imprinting process. Choice tests using neonates produced from larvae and pupae bred in the laboratory in contact with the leaves of each tested plant permitted us to demonstrate the existence of pre-imaginal learning. Nest site selection therefore depends on innate selective attraction and on environmental factors whose effect begins at the larval stage. There is, therefore, the potential to “control” imprinting, allowing one ant species to be favoured to the detriment of others in monospecific tree crop plantations. Received: 25 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 9 October 1998