澜沧江硅藻的地理分布模式与关键驱动因素

硅藻作为重要的初级生产者,在水域生态系统中发挥重要作用,然而目前对于大型河流中硅藻的地理分布特征和驱动因素知之甚少.本文以我国西南地区典型大河澜沧江干流1200 km河段为研究区域,基于真核微生物高通量测序数据集,探究浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻在不同河段的分布特征和关键驱动因子.结果表明,澜沧江浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻的物种多样性在上游自然河段较高,两类硅藻的群落结构在不同河段间存在显著差异,建坝对两类硅藻的优势属相对丰度均产生显著影响.方差分解分析结果表明,扩散限制是浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻地理分布的主导驱动因子,解释率分别为16.7%和29.8%.共现网络分析结果表明,相比底栖硅藻,浮游硅藻的种间竞争关系和网络连通性较强;梯级库区段两类硅藻的网络连通性均高于上游自然河段.本研究补充了大型河流硅藻地理生态分布的认知不足,同时揭示了河流硅藻群落对水电开发的响应.     

化工香料生产企业真空泵优化技改的环境效益分析

以钱塘江上游某化工香料企业的泵优化技改为例,通过分析物料输送泵优化技改前后的工艺流程和污染物排放情况,从而佐证化工行业物料输送泵的选型与污染物排放量是密切相关的,可以达到指导该类项目的环境影响评价和清洁生产审核,同时也能为企业的节能减排提供一定的技术依据。     

植物在人工湿地中的作用及物种选择

本文主要阐述了植物在人工湿地中的作用和选取植物的一些原则,并分析了今后所研究的重点。植物在人工湿地中起着非常重要的作用,不但可以去除污染物质,而且具有生态美学和经济价值;选择植物应考虑植物的净化能力、适应性等因素。最后提出了植物研究需要加强的地方。     

基于BP神经网络的大气污染物浓度预测

利用BP神经网络结合变量筛选的方法建立了SO_2、NO_2、O3、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)等6种污染物的浓度预测模型,并选取2014-01-01至2015-11-28时段,昆明市区5个环境监测点以上6种污染物浓度的监测数据建立了昆明市污染物日均浓度预测模型.采用平均影响值(Mean Impact Value,MIV)的方法筛选出分别对6种污染物日均浓度值有主要影响的变量,作为BP神经网络的输入变量,利用建立的预测模型分别对6种污染物的日均浓度进行预测.结果表明,在关上监测点利用浓度预测模型对SO_2、NO_2、O3、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)等6种污染物浓度进行预测,污染物浓度预测值和实测值趋势吻合度较高.变量筛选后SO_2、PM_(2.5)预测效果比变量筛选前的预测效果好.O3的均方根误差和PM_(10)的标准化平均偏差,变量筛选前的预测效果比变量筛选后的预测效果好.变量筛选前的NO_2和CO的预测结果比变量筛选后的预测效果好.其他4个环境监测点的污染物浓度预测结果与关上监测点的结果相似.     

磺化酚醛树脂干燥工艺节能改造实践

文章对某助剂厂磺化酚醛树脂干燥工艺节能改造经验进行总结。比较了同行业类似干燥设备的优缺点,并进行工艺分析和技术论证,通过设备选型,采用了直燃热风炉等节能设备。结果表明:SMP干粉产能提高了1倍,单位产品耗电量和用煤量占原有生产线平均值的60%和48%。     

北方某城市河流型饮用水水源地选址方案评价研究

为建立和量化适于河流型饮用水水源地选址的评价体系,以北方某城市A的水源地选址方案为研究对象,通过层次分析法(AHP)从法律制约、环境质量、水资源保障和环境风险角度构建评价体系.评价体系共设立8个否定因子和20个评价因子,采用文献分析和专家问卷调查相结合的方法确定评价因子权重,并依据环境标准和技术导则确定评分标准,可对多个选址方案进行评价与优选.研究表明,城市A的选址方案Ⅰ与方案Ⅱ均可做为水源地选址方案进行工程论证;城市A所处流域综合水质状况不佳,在后续的给水厂建设中应考虑采用深度处理工艺;城市A的选址方案Ⅰ与方案Ⅱ的环境风险系数均较高,管理部门应依据选址方案的风险特征加强上游风险源管理.     

具有抑菌促生作用的植物内生细菌的筛选

从168株分离自茄科作物体内的对黄瓜枯萎病菌或番茄青枯病菌有拮抗作用的细菌中，筛选出19株对辣椒疫病菌有较好拮抗作用的菌株，其中2号、13号、20号、TL6、TMS2、TB2和QEL17个菌株对以上3种病原菌都有一定的拮抗作用．从拮抗辣椒疫病菌的菌株中筛选出20号、22号、TL6、TB1、TB2和EPL8共6株对番茄有较好促生作用，对辣椒采后果实疫病有一定控制效果，且能进入番茄和辣椒体内的菌株．试验结果表明，防病作用最佳的TB2菌株菌液喷雾处理后接种病菌，4～10d防治辣椒采后果实疫病的效果达55．56％～100％；促生作用最佳的TB1菌株可使番茄苗鲜重增长105．84％，干重增长66．25％．经鉴定，6株有抑菌、促生的内生细菌均为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp．)，其中EPL8和22号菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(B．subtilis)．表5参8     

污染场地修复技术的分类、应用与筛选方法探讨

污染场地修复是污染场地管理的重要环节,目前该领域在我国还处于起步阶段,全面了解污染场地修复技术的分类、适用范围、筛选程序以及应用现状与趋势,对于在我国开展污染场地的修复与管理工作具有重要意义. 系统地论述了污染场地修复技术的分类方法,以美国超级基金场地修复为例,阐述了目前不同污染场地修复技术的应用状况,并对一些常用的污染场地修复技术进行了参数比较. 同时,介绍了美国超级基金污染场地修复技术的筛选方法与技术政策. 通过对数10年来超级基金场地修复技术的选择与应用进行分析,提出我国污染场地修复的对策和建议.      

Use of GIS in siting stabilization pond facilities for domestic wastewater treatment

Geographic information systems (GIS) use is presented in the problem of sitting areas for construction of natural systems such as stabilization ponds (SPs) for domestic wastewater treatment. For this purpose, several variables, such as topography, land use, type of geological formation, distance to major rivers or lakes, distance to existing cities and villages, existence of environmentally protected areas, mean minimum monthly temperatures and required wastewater effluent characteristics were analyzed with the GIS, in order to accept or reject a particular area within a region. The method is applied in the region of Thrace (Northeast Greece) at the municipal level. The required area for SP systems was calculated in each of the 36 municipalities of Thrace (including two islands, Thassos and Samothraki) as a function of the population of each municipality, temperature and local wastewater effluent discharge criteria. Based on the GIS analysis, suitable locations were identified in each municipality first, and then the total required surface area of these systems was compared to the available surface area of each municipality, in order to decide whether SP systems could be a viable solution to the wastewater management problem in the particular region. In that way the present methodology offers a fast and simple method to check the suitability of new areas for construction of such systems.     

Habitat Acquisition Strategies for Grassland Birds in an Urbanizing Landscape

Habitat protection for grassland birds is an important component of open space land acquisition in suburban Chicago. We use optimization decision models to develop recommendations for land protection and analyze tradeoffs between alternative goals. One goal is to acquire (and restore if necessary) as much grassland habitat as possible for a given budget. Because a viable habitat for grassland birds consists of a relatively large core area with additional parcels of grassland habitat nearby, the second goal is to minimize total pairwise distance between newly protected parcels and large existing reserves. We also use the concept of an effective grassland habitat area, which considers influences that neighboring land covers have on grassland habitat suitability. We analyze how the parcels selected for protection change as total protected effective area is traded off against total distance. As area is weighted more heavily, the selected parcels are scattered and unconnected. As total distance is weighted more heavily, the selected parcels coalesce around core reserves but protect less area. The differences in selected parcels as we change the objective function weights are caused by the differences in price per unit of effective habitat area across parcels. Parcels located in close proximity to the existing cores have relatively high prices per hectare of effective grassland area as a consequence of high restoration costs and adverse influences from roads, urban areas and/or forestland. As a result, these parcels have lower priority for selection when the area objective is weighted more heavily for a given budget.