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661.
662.
考虑成本的多出救点多物资应急调度研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
为减少应急资源调度过程中发生的经济损失,在某些最短完成时间值要求不十分敏感的应急资源调度基础上,提出引入资源需求紧迫程度的多出救点多物资调度模型,同时定义调度成本目标函数,并结合分治算法基本思想,求解综合调度效益最高的出救点方案,最后进行实例分析和对比分析。结果表明:在对应急资源储备仓库进行选择时,需求紧迫度的引入能极大地改善调度的盲目性,结合基于道路因素建立的成本函数能有效地减少不必要的调度成本,从而提高资源调度的综合效益。 相似文献
663.
664.
Sperm competition and sexual selection: a meta-analysis of paternity studies of birds 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Sperm competition (the competition among the sperm of different males for fertilization of the eggs of a female) has been
suggested to be an important component of sexual selection, but no general assessment has been made of this proposition. We
used a meta-analytic approach to assess the extensive literature on paternity (the proportion of offspring in a focal nest
sired by an attending male) in birds based on allozyme and molecular techniques. The relative variance in male mating success
was on average increased by a factor of 4.6 over the variance in apparent male success. Males with more extravagant secondary
sexual characters had higher paternity in their own nests than less adorned males. There was a weak effect of male age being
positively associated with paternity in own nests. Male body size measured as the length of wing and tarsus was weakly positively
associated with paternity in own nests. Male survival prospect was positively associated with paternity in own nests. Polygynous
males generally had decreased paternity of their broods compared to monogamous males. Paternity of the resident male decreased
with increasing population density and breeding asynchrony. The intensity of paternity guards such as within-pair copulation
rate and mate guarding were not significantly related to extra-pair paternity. Sperm competition was thus an important component
of sexual selection by increasing the variance in male mating success, and by being associated with the expression of secondary
sexual characters, in particular in dense and asynchronously breeding populations of birds.
Received: 12 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 31 May 1998 相似文献
665.
Peter B. S. Spencer Alan B. Horsup Helene D. Marsh 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(1):1-9
The reason why a female who is socially paired to one particular male seeks extra-pair copulations (EPCs) with others has
important implications in life history models and to the study of behaviour. The Allied rock-wallaby, Petrogale assimilis, lives in spatially isolated colonies in tropical north Queensland, Australia. Extensive observations of a colony at Black
Rock showed that intense behavioural bonding occurs between pairs of adult males and females; about two-thirds of males paired
with one female, the remainder paired with two females simultaneously. Single-locus microsatellite profiling determined the
paternity of 63 offspring from 21 females for which long-term behavioural data were available. One-third of the young were
fathered by males which were not paired socially with the mother. The mating system was heterogeneous: (1) all offspring of
11 females were fathered by the mother's partner, (2) all young of 5 females were fathered by extra-pair males, and (3) only
some of the young of 5 females were fathered by their regular consort. Analysis of individual longitudinal demographic records
showed that females whose young were always fathered by their consort had higher reproductive success than those whose young
were always fathered as a result of (EPCs). However, females with some offspring fathered by their regular consort and others
via EPCs had the highest probability of raising young to independence. These females were significantly more likely to have
an offspring fathered as a result of an EPC if their previous young had failed to survive to pouch emergence. These results
are consistent with the hypothesis that females choose mates for their genetic quality. Comparison of the males with which
these females sought EPCs and the regular consorts suggested that arm length rather than body weight or testes size was used
as the index of genetic quality. Results from a second colony of rock-wallabies in which the reproductive rate was accelerated
were also consistent with the genetic-quality hypothesis. These results imply that by choosing better-quality fathers irrespective
of social pairing, females are able to maximise their overall lifetime reproductive success, and presumably, those of their
offspring.
Received: 8 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 28 February 1998 相似文献
666.
Mate choice games, context-dependent good genes, and genetic cycles in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
According to mate choice models, a female should prefer males with traits that are reliable indicators of genetic quality
which the sire can pass on to their progeny. However, good genes may depend on the social environment, and female choice for
good genes should be context dependent. The side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, exhibits genetically based throat colors (orange, blue, or yellow) that could be used as a sexually selected signal since
they reliably predict the genetic quality of mates. The frequencies of male and female morphs cycle between years, and both
male and female morphs have an advantage when rare; thus genetic quality will depend on morph frequency. A female should choose
a sire that maximizes the reproductive success of both male and female progeny. We examine a game theoretical model that predicts
female mate choice as a function of morph frequency and population density. The model predicts the following flexible mate
choice rule: both female morphs should prefer rare males in ’boom years’ of the female cycle (e.g., ’rarest-of-N rule’), but
prefer orange males in ’crash years’ of the female cycle (’orange-male rule’). Cues from the current social environment should
be used by females to choose a mate that maximizes the future reproductive success of progeny, given the social environment
of the next generation. We predict that the cue is the density of aggressive orange females. In the side-blotched lizard,
cycling mate choice games and context-dependent mate choice are predicted to maintain genetic variation in the presence of
choice for good genes.
Received: 8 March 2000 / Revised: 26 August 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000 相似文献
667.
668.
D. J. Green H. L. Osmond M. C. Double A. Cockburn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(6):438-446
Empirical and theoretical studies have only recently begun to examine how females use complex multi-component displays when
selecting mates. Superb fairy-wrens are well suited to the study of female choice because females have control over extra-group
paternity and cuckold their mates at high rates, while males possess a variety of sexually selected traits. Available evidence
suggests that females base their extra-group mate choice on the timing of male moult into breeding plumage or the onset of
display. However, males continue to perform elaborate displays throughout the season, and direct most displays to females
during their fertile period. We therefore conducted focal observations on fertile females to quantify the frequency of male
display and used microsatellite genotyping to compare the role of display rate during the breeding season and the timing of
male moult on female mate choice. We show that the addition of data on male display rate does not improve our ability to predict
which males obtain extra-group paternity. The timing of male moult into breeding plumage remains the only predictor of male
extra-group reproductive success. Nevertheless, we found that males displayed more to females that were unable to select extra-group
mates on the basis of the timing of moult or the onset of display. This raises the possibility that there are circumstances
when females use display rate to discriminate between potential extra-group sires. Overall this study supports the theoretical
prediction that females are more likely to base their mate choice on reliable indicators of male quality such as fixed morphological
traits and displays of endurance, in this case an early moult into breeding plumage and the performance of an elaborate display
during the winter, than a flexible behavioural trait such as display rate during the breeding season.
Received: 26 January 2000 / Revised: 1 August 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000 相似文献
669.
Females in several sexually dimorphic species with conventional sex roles possess ornamental traits that resemble those found
in males. The evolution of such traits, however, is still poorly understood. Bluethroats (Luscinia s. svecica) are socially monogamous, sexually dichromatic passerine birds, in which female throat patch coloration varies from near
absence to near full expression of male-like coloration. A recent study, demonstrating that male bluethroats prefer colourful
females, suggests that female coloration is subject to sexual selection through male choice. However, the benefits males may
gain from mating with colourful females have not yet been identified. In this study we tested the hypothesis that female coloration
signals parental quality (the good-parent hypothesis). During the course of the same day, we recorded female care both in
the presence and the absence of the male mate. The latter was done to eliminate the confounding effect of variable male care
by removing the male temporarily. Female coloration did not correlate with female feeding rates either in the presence or
in the absence of the male. Female feeding rates in the absence and the presence of the male were positively, although weakly,
correlated. Female coloration did not correlate with female ability to compensate for the loss of male care, or with the change
in brood mass during male removal. Therefore, there is no evidence for the good-parent hypothesis to explain female plumage
coloration in bluethroats.
Received: 4 March 1999 / Received in revised form: 14 October 1999 / Accepted: 23 October 1999 相似文献
670.
通过构建“劳动力转移-性别差异-农地流转及合约选择”分析框架,分析劳动力转移性别差异背后的行为经济学含义,进而探讨不同性别的劳动力转移对农户农地流转供给决策与合约选择的差异化影响机制。理论研究表明,女性在家庭中起粘结家庭成员的作用,女性劳动力非农就业更能体现家庭的“离农”,因而女性劳动力的非农就业行为对农户农地流转供给决策具有更明显的促进作用;男性是农户家庭在村庄中排他能力的标志,具有不可忽视的农地流转风险规避功能,因而男性劳动力的外出就业距离对农户农地流转的合约选择起决定性作用。利用全国9省(区)4772个农户样本数据进行实证分析,计量结果表明:①女性劳动力非农就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地面积占承包地面积比例增加1.06%;②男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地时签订关系型合约的可能性增加1.11%;③男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,意愿合约形式为无合同的可能性增加0.63%,意愿合约形式为口头合同的可能性增加0.29%,意愿合约形式为书面合同的可能性减少0.91%。这意味着,为了劳动力流转市场与农地流转市场更流畅地互动,应为农村女性劳动力营造一个更加合适、有利和公平的非农就业环境,这可成为未来农村劳动力就业扶持政策的重要方向。另一方面,促进正式契约与关系型合约的有机衔接,有利于农地流转合约的正式化与规范化,从而为农地流转市场的健康发育提供有力保障。 相似文献