氟橡胶密封材料热氧老化试验与寿命评估

对氟橡胶密封材料进行了热氧加速老化试验,对老化试验前后材料压缩永久变形量与红外光谱进行了分析,结果表明,老化引起材料内部的分子结构变化。建立了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程,预测了25℃下氟橡胶密封材料的贮存寿命,结果表明,氟橡胶在热氧条件下,失效机理为分子断裂和交联;非正常老化因素引起的变形对氟橡胶密封圈的性能影响很大;氟橡胶密封件在25℃下的贮存寿命为13.8 a。     

Phylogenetic Comparative Methods Strengthen Evidence for Reduced Genetic Diversity among Endangered Tetrapods

Abstract: The fitness of species with little genetic diversity is expected to be affected by inbreeding and an inability to respond to environmental change. Conservation theory suggests that endangered species will generally demonstrate lower genetic diversity than taxa that are not threatened. This hypothesis has been challenged because the time frame of anthropogenic extinction may be too fast to expect genetic factors to significantly contribute. I conducted a meta‐analysis to examine how genetic diversity in 894 tetrapods correlates with extinction threat level. Because species are not evolutionarily independent, I used a phylogenetic regression framework to address this issue. Mean genetic diversity of tetrapods, as assessed by protein heterozygosity, was 29.7–31.5% lower on average in threatened species than in their nonthreatened relatives, a highly significant reduction. Within amphibians as diversity decreased extinction risk increased in phylogenetic models, but not in nonphylogenetic regressions. The effects of threatened status on diversity also remained significant after accounting for body size in mammals. These results support the hypothesis that genetic effects on population fitness are important in the extinction process.     

太湖双酚A的水质基准研究及风险评价

水质基准是制定水质标准的重要科学依据,制定符合我国实际情况的水质基准已成为当前的迫切需求.BPA（bisphenol A,双酚A）是一种典型的内分泌干扰物,基于太湖流域的人群暴露参数和生物累积系数,采用HJ 837-2017《人体健康水质基准制定技术指南》推荐方法,推导出太湖BPA的人体健康水质基准为0.738 μg/L,通过太湖儿童暴露参数得到保护儿童BPA的人体健康基准为0.628 μg/L（6~ < 9岁）、0.821 μg/L（9~ < 12岁）、0.620 μg/L（12~ < 15岁）,与成人基准差异不大.基于太湖流域水生生物的毒性数据,采用SSD（species sensitivity distribution,物种敏感度分布）法得到水生生物慢性基准为0.189 μg/L.使用RQ（risk quotient,风险商值）法评价太湖水体中BPA暴露所造成的健康与生态风险,结果表明,太湖中有0.03%区域面积水体存在较高健康风险,有2.03%区域面积水体存在较高的生态风险.另外,采用联合概率曲线法进一步分析生态风险发现,太湖水体中BPA对1%与5%的水生生物造成危害的概率分别为0.71%和0.33%.研究显示,我国太湖水体中BPA暴露造成的健康与生态风险处于可接受水平.      

Wastewater degradation by iron/copper nanoparticles and the microorganism growth rate

Nowadays, trends in wastewater treatment by zero-valent iron (ZVI) were turned to use bimetallic NZVI particles by planting another metal onto the ZVI surface to increase its reactivity. Nano size zero-valent iron/copper (NZVI/Cu⁰) bimetallic particles were synthesized in order to examine its toxicity effects on the wastewater microbial life, kinetics of phosphorus, ammonia stripping and the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Various concentrations of NZVI/Cu⁰ and operation conditions both aerobic and anaerobic were investigated and compared with pure NZVI experiment. The results showed that addition 10 mg/L of NZVI/Cu⁰ significantly increased the numbers of bacteria colonies under anaerobic condition, conversely it inhibited bacteria activity with the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, the impact of nanoparticles on ammonia stripping and phosphorus removal was also linked to the emitted iron ions electrons. It was found that dosing high concentration of bimetallic NZVI/Cu⁰ has a negative effect on ammonia stripping regardless of the aeration condition. In comparison to control, dosing only 10 mg/L NZVI/Cu⁰, the phosphorus removal increased sharply both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, these outcomes were obtained as a result of complete dissolution of bimetallic nanoparticles which formed copper-iron oxides components that are attributed to increasing the phosphorus adsorption rate.     

动态生命周期评价的研究与应用现状

生命周期评价（LCA）在理论和实际应用中存在一些局限性,包括清单和评价方法缺乏时间维度和空间维度,主要表现为缺乏对产品能源系统随时间变化的考虑,使用静态的过时的清单数据而非基于时间的动态生命周期清单数据,以及影响评价方面缺乏动态特征因子的选择和计算方法.动态生命周期评价（DLCA）是针对工业和环境系统的时间和空间变化的动态建模过程的评价方法,可大大提高传统生命周期评价的科学性和准确性.本文从3个方面对动态生命周期评价方法进行总结和评述,即将时间信息作为不确定因素的动态建模分析;生产过程或污染物排放的实时数据的获取;基于时间分化的动态特征因子的影响评价方法.通过目前的动态生命周期评价的研究现状来看,其方法框架并不统一,另外缺乏科学的时间分化的LCI计算的数学模型和软件以及生命周期影响评价的建模解决方案.因此,本文对DLCA未来的发展进行展望,以期为LCA方法的研究、应用、发展和完善提供更多的支持.     

基于临界面的多轴振动疲劳寿命预测

目的提出一种新的基于临界面正应力的高周多轴疲劳寿命预测方法。方法通过对主应力进行投影,得到各时刻下临界平面内的应力大小,利用雨流法计算不同临界面下的疲劳损伤,并通过权函数,得到主应力的角度期望值,进而预测结构的疲劳寿命。结果通过试验件进行仿真模拟,对底端作用两个方向PSD频率范围为8～200 Hz,大小为0.006、0.003、0.008 g~2/Hz的强制加速度激励得到多轴应力响应,以此计算4种工况下的随机加速度振动疲劳试验预测寿命,对比试验寿命误差基本处于2倍界以内。结论新的基于临界面正应力的疲劳寿命预测方法能有效预测多轴振动疲劳寿命。     

电气设备用铜材在含硫化氢环境下的腐蚀寿命预测

目的电气设备铜材因遭受含硫化氢环境腐蚀的影响,致使其性能下降,并给电气设备的安全运行埋下安全隐患。为保证电气设备在现场服役环境中的安全可靠性,需对铜材在该环境中的寿命进行预测。方法利用失重法研究电气设备用铜材在现场环境和室内外硫化氢加速环境下的腐蚀动力学规律,通过灰色关联度分析方法探讨两种环境条件下的关联性,并建立铜材在现场服役环境中的寿命预测模型。结果在现场和室内硫化氢环境下,铜材腐蚀动力规律遵循幂函数定律;两种环境的灰色关联系数为0.72,相关性良好;铜材的腐蚀寿命模型为T_(现场)=0.74T_(加速)~(2.16)。结论利用室内硫化氢加速腐蚀试验可以对电气设备用铜材在现场环境中的腐蚀状态和腐蚀寿命进行预测。     

岛礁油料装备的腐蚀特性及全寿命腐蚀控制策略

岛礁属于亚热带、热带海洋性气候,具有长期高温、高湿、高盐雾、高太阳辐射等环境特征,会加速保障装备的腐蚀进程,严重制约了装备的使用可靠性。针对该难题,文中对岛礁保障装备的工作环境特征、腐蚀失效现象以及腐蚀机理进行了系统的分析,提出了开展油料装备腐蚀故障数据收集和分析以及全寿命腐蚀控制是今后岛礁油料装备腐蚀防控领域的重点研究方向。最后针对装备腐蚀不同的机理特征,提出了油料装备全寿命腐蚀控制策略,为岛礁油料装备的腐蚀寿命预测、维修与保养提供技术支持和理论指导。     

某梁结构静动联合加载疲劳研究试验件设计与分析

目的解决工程结构在交变静载荷和动载荷联合作用下的疲劳寿命预估难题。方法拟设计一梁结构试验件,方便施加静力与动载荷,并具有合适的疲劳寿命,用于静动联合加载下疲劳寿命预估研究。并采用名义应力法计算出静载荷作用下结构的寿命,采用频域法计算动载荷单独作用下结构的寿命,再以线性损伤累积理论为基础,以载荷块为单位来计算静动载荷联合加载下的寿命。结果初步给出试验载荷,得到静动载荷联合加载下危险点的寿命为1225 s。试件在1 h之内失效,满足设计要求。结论通过该方法,可以用来校核试件的实际寿命,以设计试件。