The effect of olive mill wastewater on seed germination after various pretreatment techniques

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) management has been a major issue of environmental concern for olive oil producing countries. OMW can be a serious nuisance, when disposed of untreated, due to its significantly high organic load, its phytotoxic properties and its relatively low biodegradability. Field and plant irrigation with raw or pretreated OMW is an easy and relatively inexpensive method to treat and dispose of OMW. Typical pretreatment techniques could be comprised of phase separation through a settling basin, dilution with water, aeration to promote biological degradation and pH neutralization. A full factorial experimental design approach was used here to study the main effects and interactions of the above four pretreatment techniques on the germination of tomato and chicory seeds. Results of the study showed that the most statistically significant technique affecting OMW phytotoxicity is water dilution. The next most significant technique was aeration. In particular, phytotoxicity decreased with increased OMW dilution with water, when OMW was aerated and without pH adjustment. pH neutralization resulted in increased phytotoxicity. Settling did not significantly decrease the phytotoxicity of settled OMW and is therefore not considered necessary in an OMW management system in which plant irrigation is the goal. The interaction of aeration and pH was, marginally, the most significant two-way interaction for tomato seeds, while no interactions were significant when chicory seeds were used.     

A/A/O微曝氧化沟处理城市污水的工程设计

以某日处理量为80 000 m3城市污水处理厂为例,介绍了A/A/O微曝氧化沟工艺的设计思路及参数选择,能够满足设计要求,且可信度高,有实用参考价值.     

Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Marine Conservation

Abstract:  Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) represents multiple bodies of knowledge accumulated through many generations of close interactions between people and the natural world. TEK and its application via customary ecological management plans can be useful in modern conservation programs. I disaggregate the term TEK into its constituent parts and show several ways in which TEK can strengthen research designs by increasing locality-specific knowledge, including environmental linkages occurring in those localities. Examples of the uses of TEK in conservation include folk taxonomy in systematics in Micronesia, species knowledge for conservation in Kiribati, and fishers' knowledge of ecological interactions for reserve design in Belize. When conservationists recognize the utility of TEK, they can engage in an equitable exchange of knowledge and foster shared responsibility with indigenous people. These types of exchanges can also provide an opportunity for indigenous people to develop a scientific infrastructure.     

Governing the termination problem in solar radiation management

ABSTRACT

Technologies for Solar Radiation Management (SRM) could limit global warming by manipulating the Earth’s radiation balance. A major objection to SRM is the termination problem: the catastrophic consequences that are likely to result from its sudden discontinuation. The termination problem limits the reversibility of policy choices and poses the risk of inadvertent or enforced program collapse. It is often considered a major impediment to the governability of SRM. In a first attempt to systematically engage with the question of institutional design for resolving the termination problem, the scenarios in which the termination problem arises as well as their respective drivers are identified. Scenarios and drivers are then used to derive institutional solutions in the form of excludable benefits, scientific oversight and phase-out mechanisms. While other objections to SRM may remain valid, it is concluded that the termination problem raises fewer challenges for international governance than is usually assumed.     

The indecisive role of the market in China’s SO2 and COD emissions trading

Governmental intervention is essential to combat environmental pollution, a phenomenon classically explained as market failure, while market-based environmental policy instruments have provided cost-effective alternatives. By examining five pilot air pollution (sulfur dioxide) and water pollution (chemical oxygen demand) trading schemes in China through a market-based theoretical framework and extensive empirical analysis, this research analyzes where a state-market boundary is defined, whether the market is performing effectively, and, critically, what leads to underperformance. Constrained by policy design, policy conflicts, and excessive state intervention, the market has not played an effective and ‘decisive’ role, resulting in low market thickness for participants and transactions, market congestion on prices, and inadequate market safety for genuine emissions trading. Better emissions trading for conventional pollutants and CO₂ requires better market-oriented rules, improved policy coordination, and stronger implementation while minimizing state intervention.     

基于安全疏散的高速铁路桥梁救援定点站台设计参数研究

应用安全疏散性能化设计的理论方法,研究了桥梁救援定点疏散站台的尺寸参数 ,以保证设计更为安全、经济、合理。首先,采用FDS软件模拟火灾警戒线随疏散时间 的发展趋势,分析ASET对站台长度的影响;其次,采用EVACNET4软件模拟了列车中部和 端部火灾情境下,乘客在站台的疏散运动,研究站台宽度对疏散时间的影响。结果表明 :从火灾警戒范围考虑,站台长度取值为450 m是经济合理的;有效宽度1.75 m为站台 疏散时间特征变化的分界点,有效宽度为1.75 m时的疏散时间均小于有效宽度为1.5 m 时的疏散时间,而当有效宽度大于1.75 m后,疏散时间的变化不大。研究成果可为救援 定点疏散站台的尺寸设计提供参考和依据。     

FMEA and consideration of real work situations for safer design of production systems

Production equipment designers must ensure the health and safety of future users; in this regard, they augment requirements for standardizing and controlling operator work. This contrasts with the ergonomic view of the activity, which recommends leaving operators leeway (margins for manoeuvre) in performing their task, while safeguarding their health. Following a brief analysis of design practices in the car industry, we detail how the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) approach is implemented in this sector. We then suggest an adaptation that enables designers to consider real work situations. This new protocol, namely, work situation FMEA, allows experience feedback to be used to defend the health standpoint during designer project reviews, which usually only address quality and performance issues. We subsequently illustrate the advantage of this approach using two examples of work situations at car parts manufacturers: the first from the literature and the second from an in-company industrial project.     

基于钻孔数据煤矿开采地表沉陷预计

开采沉陷引起的环境损害评价是环评工作中的重要内容,现有预计软件基本不适应在大面积环评工作中开展沉陷预计工作。针对现有问题,以矿区钻孔数据为基础,基于Delaunay三角形剖分算法建立了煤层开采地表沉陷预计模型。通过设计对比试验,验证了新建模型预计结果较传统的预计方法更加符合实际地表沉陷情况,预计结果的可靠性较高。将该模型运用到工程实例中,可以节省人力资源,使煤矿生态环评从原来以定性分析、半定量预计为主的状况,提高到以定量预测为主的高度,更好地为矿区生态环境保服务。     

山体隧道油气管道安全稳定性规律研究

鉴于目前隧道内管道常规力学计算结果相对保守,没有考虑高强度管材较高延性的问题,构建了山体隧道管道稳定性分析有限元模型,采用Ramberg-Osgood本构模型描述管材力学特性,采用非线性弹簧模拟隧道内滑动支座和管卡特性,采用土弹簧模型描述分析地下结构与土体相互作用关系,对某隧道天然气管道进行了稳定性计算,研究了不同因素对稳定性的影响规律,并在此基础上提出了隧道管道敷设的优化方法,为工程设计提供参考。     

小流域地段景观生态设计研究——以大别山巴河上游地段为例

在实地调查研究的基础上，分析了巴河上游流域地段的景观结构功能与演替及流域治理存在的问题，切中流域生态环境变化的要害——水土流失问题。在区内景观带自然分异的基础上，进行了流域景观生态设计。