Assessing the Distribution and Protection Status of two Types of Cool Environment to Facilitate Their Conservation under Climate Change

Strategies to mitigate climate change can protect different types of cool environments. Two are receiving much attention: protection of ephemeral refuges (i.e., places with low maximum temperatures) and of stable refugia (i.e., places that are cool, have a stable environment, and are isolated). Problematically, they are often treated as equivalents. Careful delineation of their qualities is needed to prevent misdirected conservation initiatives; yet, no one has determined whether protecting one protects the other. We mapped both types of cool environments across a large (～3.4M ha) mixed‐use landscape with a geographic information system and conducted a patch analysis to compare their spatial distributions; examine relations between land use and their size and shape; and assess their current protection status. With a modest, but arbitrary, threshold for demarcating both types of cool environments (i.e., values below the 0.025 quantile) there were 146,523 ha of ephemeral refuge (62,208 ha) and stable refugia (62,319 ha). Ephemeral refuges were generally aggregated at high elevation, and more refuge area occurred in protected areas (55,184 ha) than in unprotected areas (7,024 ha). In contrast, stable refugia were scattered across the landscape, and more stable‐refugium area occurred on unprotected (40,135 ha) than on protected land (22,184 ha). Although sensitivity analysis showed that varying the thresholds that define cool environments affected outcomes, it also exposed the challenge of choosing a threshold for strategies to address climate change; there is no single value that is appropriate for all of biodiversity. The degree of overlap between ephemeral refuges and stable refugia revealed that targeting only the former for protection on currently unprotected land would capture ～17% of stable refugia. Targeting only stable refugia would capture ～54% of ephemeral refuges. Thus, targeting one type of cool environment did not fully protect the other. Evaluación de la Distribución y Estado de Protección de Dos Tipos de Ambientes Fríos para Facilitar su Conservación bajo el Cambio Climático     

Surveys of historic parks and gardens

The United Kingdom offers some of the finest designed parks and garden landscapes in the world and, whilst there is a wide range of skills and a wealth of literature on the subject, there is little evidence of official effort to systematically record historic sites. This, it is argued, is a factor in the continuing decline of many examples. This paper records an attempt at a comprehensive examination of one county — Cheshire — begun in 1970. The method is described and the results discussed in some detail. Some suggestions are put forward for improvements to official incentives for site owners.     

The landscape design of forestry

The value placed by the public on the nation's rural landscapes is emphasised by vociferous criticism of insensitive, large‐scale afforestation. As forestry causes massive changes in the landscape in the short term, with results that last for decades, the opportunity provided to improve and conserve should be positively grasped. There is evidence that concensus exists over a considerable part of landscape and design, and this paper explores some of the major factors in landscape design which are consistently important in forest landscapes.     

Design-based ranked set sampling using auxiliary variables

A ranked set sampling protocol is proposed when an auxiliary variable is available in addition to the target variable in sample surveys. The protocol may be practically carried out without additional sampling effort or costs. Under the suggested sampling scheme, the estimators usually adopted in surveys with auxiliary information - such as the ratio estimator or the regression estimator - display surprising theoretical properties as well as high performance in practice.     

危险性评估与经济性分析在性能化消防设计中的应用

分析了性能化消防设计中危险性评估与经济性分析的关系，以仓库火灾为例，介绍了危险性评估的思路、程序。     

高速公路路域植被恢复设计与施工技术初探

在高速公路建设之后 ,对其破坏的植被尽快进行恢复是一项重要内容 ,多年来由于指导思想不同 ,实施效果与预想相差很大。本文力求从生态学的角度出发 ,从设计、施工和养护几个植被恢复重要环节进行分析 ,寻求适宜的高速公路生态恢复技术     

Techno-economic analysis of municipal wastewater land treatment systems in China

This paper analyses the capital costs, power consumption and operation costs of municipal wastewater land treatment systems, including rapid infiltration, slow-rate infiltration, overflow and constructed wetland, by means of series engineering design. The results show that land treatment can save 50-70% of capital costs, 80-90% of power and 75-85% of operation costs when compared with secondary treatment.     

用于处理精细水煤浆燃后烟气的小型管式电除尘器的设计

水煤浆是一种煤基代油燃料 ,精细水煤浆作为水煤浆中的精品 ,在家用取暖锅炉中燃用将成为现实。本试验以管式电除尘为基础 ,模拟烟气并进行单元电除尘试验 ,通过 - 特性曲线确定管体为直径 30 mm、有效长度 2 0 cm的不锈钢管 ,电晕线为 0 .5 mm的圆形不锈钢线 ,确定二次工作电压为 7.5 k V;通过单元试验 ,确定流量为 2 5 L /min时烟尘的驱进速度为 11.16 cm /s;以试验结论为依据进行小型管式电除尘器的设计 ,在烟气排放量为 12 3m3/h,烟气浓度为1.16 g/m3时 ,需单管 5 6根 ,其外形尺寸为 2 2 .4 cm× 2 5 .6 cm× 2 0 cm,运行耗电量为 0 .2 0 k W·h。     

城市居住区的可持续设计及其管理系统

对城市居住区可持续设计的基本内涵、原则与方法进行了论述，分析了居住区可持续设计的管理系统。认为居住区的可持续性设计和管理系统是２１世纪的住房革命，追求社会效益、经济效益和环境效益的统一，也是我国２１世纪居住区建设的发展方向。     

基于特征和知识的精密注塑模设计和制造系统

采用先进的CAD/CAM技术对传统模具设计制造方法进行改造,是提高模具设计制造质量和效率的关键.此文提出基于特征和知识的才法构造精密注塑模设计和制造系统,并介绍了系统的总体方案和系统包含的各模块功能.这一系统是浙江省科委八五攻关项目“精密注塑模设计和制造(CAD/CAM)技术”的核心.