全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2219篇 |
免费 | 478篇 |
国内免费 | 365篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 353篇 |
废物处理 | 55篇 |
环保管理 | 365篇 |
综合类 | 1392篇 |
基础理论 | 219篇 |
污染及防治 | 363篇 |
评价与监测 | 125篇 |
社会与环境 | 72篇 |
灾害及防治 | 118篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 26篇 |
2023年 | 70篇 |
2022年 | 75篇 |
2021年 | 122篇 |
2020年 | 99篇 |
2019年 | 89篇 |
2018年 | 84篇 |
2017年 | 120篇 |
2016年 | 134篇 |
2015年 | 95篇 |
2014年 | 130篇 |
2013年 | 214篇 |
2012年 | 205篇 |
2011年 | 217篇 |
2010年 | 161篇 |
2009年 | 148篇 |
2008年 | 91篇 |
2007年 | 163篇 |
2006年 | 130篇 |
2005年 | 100篇 |
2004年 | 86篇 |
2003年 | 88篇 |
2002年 | 53篇 |
2001年 | 52篇 |
2000年 | 38篇 |
1999年 | 59篇 |
1998年 | 42篇 |
1997年 | 45篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 26篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有3062条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
92.
Study on Fish and Amphibian Embryo-Larval Toxicity Test 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang Tong 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,55(3):363-369
In China, it is necessary to establish short-term biomonitoring methods for evaluating the chronic toxicity of industrial wastewater. In this paper, the aquatic toxicity of four important pollutants in petrochemical wastewater, including acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, sulphocyanic sodium and dimethyl formamide, was studied with fish and amphibian embryo-larval toxicity tests using Cyprinus carpio and Rana nigromaculata as test organisms. The objective is to present some useful data for establishing short-term chronic toxicity test methods used to perform biomonitoring in China. The results indicate that the chronic toxicity of acrylonitrile to fish and amphibians was the highest of the four test pollutants, followed by NaSCN, acetonitrile and DMF. The sensitivity of the carp embryo- larval test to chemicals was greater than that of the R. nigromaculata embryo-larval test. 相似文献
93.
Zhang B Cox SB McMurry ST Jackson WA Cobb GP Anderson TA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):658-667
Soil and topical tests were employed to investigate the effect of two N-nitroso metabolites of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) on earthworm reproduction. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for cocoon production and hatching was 50mg/kg for both hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) in soil. MNX and TNX also significantly affected cocoon hatching in soil (p<0.001) and in topical tests (p=0.001). The LOECs for cocoon hatching were 1 and 10mg/kg for MNX and TNX in soil, respectively, and 10mg/L in the topical test. Greater than 100mg/kg MNX and TNX completely inhibited cocoon hatching. In soil, the EC20 values for MNX were 8.7 and 8.8mg/kg for cocoon and juvenile production, respectively, compared to 9.2 and 9.1mg/kg for TNX, respectively. The EC20 values for the total number of cocoon hatchlings were 3.1 and 4.7mg/kg for MNX and TNX, respectively, in soil and 4.5 and 3.1mg/L in the topical test. Both MNX and TNX inhibited cocoon production and hatching, suggesting that they may have a negative affect on soil ecosystems at contaminated sites. 相似文献
94.
Pambrun V Marquot A Racault Y 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):592-599
Background, aims, and scope Sometimes, urban wastewaters convey a more or less significant part of toxic products from industries or the craft industry.
Nitrifying activity can be affected by these substances, implying higher ammonia concentrations in the outlet effluent and
contributing to toxicity for the aquatic environment. Moreover, the more stringently treated wastewater standards now require
a reliable treatment for nitrogen. One of the key issues is the identification of the inhibition behavior of nitrifying bacteria
facing a toxic substance. This new understanding could then finally be integrated into models in order to represent and to
optimize wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) operation in cases involving ‘toxic scenarios’.
Materials and methods The toxic substances studied in this work, cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol (3.5-DCP), are representative of chemical substances
commonly found in municipal sewage and industrial effluents and symbolize two different contaminant groups. The effects of
Cd and 3.5-DCP on nitrification kinetics have been investigated using respirometry techniques.
Results IC50 values determination gives concentrations of 3.1 mg/L for 3.5-DCP and 45.8 mg/L for Cd at 21 ± 1°C. The variation to
low temperature seems to have no real effect on IC50 for DCP, but induces a decrease of cadmium IC50 to 27.5 mg/L at 14°C.
Finally, specific respirometric tests have been carried out in order to determine the potential effect of these toxic substances
on the nitrifying decay rate b
a
. No significant effect has been noticed for Cd, whereas the presence of 3.5-DCP (at IC50 concentration) induced a dramatic
increase of b
a
at 20°C. The same behavior has been confirmed by experiments performed in winter periods with a sludge temperature around
12°C.
Discussion The target substances have different modes of action on activity and mortality, notably due to the abilities of the contaminant
to be precipitated, accumulated, or even to be progressively degraded. Studies realized at low temperature confirmed this
assumption, and put in evidence the effect of temperature on toxic substances capable of being biosorbed. However, the change
in the sludge sample characteristics can be pointed out as a problem in the investigation of the temperature effect on nitrification
inhibition, as biosorption, bioaccumulation, and predation are directly linked to the sludge characteristics (VSS concentration,
temperature) and the plant operating conditions (loading rates, sludge age, etc.).
Conclusions This work brings new understandings concerning the action mode of these specific contaminants on nitrifying bacteria and,
in particular, on the role of temperature. The experiments lead to the determination of the IC50 values for both toxic substances
on biological nitrification. The inhibition mechanisms of Cd and 3.5-DCP on nitrifying activity have been simply represented
by a non-competitive inhibition model.
Recommendations and perspectives Other experiments carried out in a continuous lab-scale pilot plant should be done with a proper control of the operating
conditions and of the sludge characteristics in order to better understand the mechanisms of nitrification inhibition for
each contaminant. Finally, these first results show that toxic substances can have an effect on the growth rate but also on
the decay rate, depending on the characteristics of the toxic substance and the sludge. This eventual double effect would
imply different strategies of WWTP operation according to the behavior of the contaminant on the bacteria. 相似文献
95.
96.
目的 通过机载PCB板(Printed Circuit Board,PCB)在热带海洋大气环境下的腐蚀老化特征和电气性能退化规律分析,研究其在热带海洋大气环境下的环境适应性。方法 根据热带海洋大气环境中PCB板的实际使用环境大多为舱室内部封闭或半封闭的情况,分别设计并开展海南万宁海洋平台棚下暴露场和某海域环境户外简易遮蔽玻璃框下3 a的自然环境试验。结果 PCB板的焊点、焊盘、印制导线以及引线头等部位在2种试验环境中均出现了不同程度的腐蚀破坏,试验后期,所有部位的腐蚀程度全部达到了4级,导通电阻从几十毫欧增大至几十兆欧,绝缘电阻从10 GΩ以上降低至几兆欧。结论 在万宁站试验2 a和某海域试验3 a后,PCB板均不满足耐电压的技术要求(500 V交流电压60 s),万宁海洋平台棚下暴露场对PCB板的环境适应性更为严酷。 相似文献
97.
目的 设计一种能够模拟工程塑料实际服役工作环境的试验装置,在多型自然环境中,构建兼具环境因素侵蚀与载荷应力耦合作用的试验条件。方法 研制工程塑料环境因素与载荷应力协同作用试验装置,采用包括拉伸加载、弯曲加载、控制系统等组件的模块化设计,实现0.01~16 Hz加载频率的拉伸及弯曲载荷,最大1 550 kg的拉伸载荷,最大375 kg的弯曲载荷。结果 将研制完成的试验装置置于多型自然环境下对试验施加恒定和交变载荷,以真实模拟工程塑料实际服役中的环境因素与载荷应力协同作用。结论 试验装置制造加工难度小,结构稳定可靠,可用于评价和研究工程塑料等系列类型材料的环境损伤性能演变。 相似文献
98.
目的 解决Arrhenius模型无法估计湿度应力敏感产品和Peck模型试验时间较长的问题。方法 考虑温度应力和湿度应力对产品贮存寿命的综合影响,在产品激活能不变的假设下,将Arrhenius模型对产品激活能的估计和Peck模型对湿度应力参数的估计相结合,建立Arrhenius&Peck分段非线性加速寿命估计模型。基于此模型,在双应力恒加试验条件下,得到产品的寿命估计方程。结果 以弹上电子产品的恒定应力加速贮存试验为例,进行仿真分析,得到产品寿命的估计,并对比产品实际寿命。Arrhenius&Peck模型的寿命误差和失效率误差均控制在5%以内,准确度高于Arrhenius模型和Peck模型。结论 构建的Arrhenius&Peck分段非线性加速寿命模型可以充分利用温度和湿度条件下的试验数据,对温湿敏感产品的寿命估计有较好的应用效果,为导弹产品的寿命估计提供一种可选方法。 相似文献
99.
目的 获得随机振动的加速度响应谱,提升随机振动与冲击的等效性分析精度。方法 首先,基于维纳-辛钦定理,推导单自由度系统在随机振动基础激励作用下加速度响应均方值的通用表达式;其次,分别推导单自由度系统在理想白噪声和限带非均匀谱随机振动基础激励作用下的加速度响应均方值;再次,基于3σ准则,推导限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱;最后,基于加速度响应等效,通过将装备随机振动条件的3σ加速度响应谱与冲击条件的冲击响应谱进行等效性分析,对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行精细优化。结果 精细优化后,可有效改善冲击试验剪裁条件的工程实施精度。结论 获得了限带非均匀谱随机振动的3σ加速度响应谱,并基于此对GJB 150.18A—2009中的冲击试验剪裁条件进行了精细优化,对于装备合理剪裁冲击试验具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
100.
针对空空导弹随航母服役需求和海洋大气自然环境适应性风险,结合相关标准和研制经验,对空空导弹海洋大气自然环境试验方案设计流程、方法及要点进行了研究。提出了一套空空导弹海洋大气自然环境试验方案,可用于指导新研型号科学有效地开展自然环境试验,为回答空空导弹海洋大气自然环境适应性指标提供了支撑。空空导弹应系统策划海洋大气自然环境试验,以尽早暴露问题,实现产品设计改进,为上舰环境适应性的提高奠定基础。同时,还应大力开展自然加速环境试验技术和动态自然环境试验技术研究工作。 相似文献