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141.
Wind erosion selectively winnows the fine, most chemically concentrated portions of surface soils and results in the inter-regional
transport of fugitive dust containing plant nutrients, trace elements and other soil-borne contaminants. We sampled and analyzed
surface soils, sediments in transport over eroding fields, and attic dust from a small area of the Southern High Plains of
Texas to characterize the physical nature and chemical constituents of these materials and to investigate techniques that
would allow relatively rapid, low cost techniques for estimating the chemical constituents of fugitive dust from an eroding
field. From chemical analyses of actively eroding sediments, it would appear that Ca is the only chemical species that is
enriched more than others during the process of fugitive dust production. We found surface soil sieved to produce a sub-sample
with particle diameters in the range of 53–74 μm to be a reasonably good surrogate for fugitive dust very near the source
field, that sieved sub-samples with particle diameters <10 μm have a crustal enrichment factor of approximately 6, and that
this factor, multiplied by the chemical contents of source soils, may be a reasonable estimator of fugitive PM10 chemistry from the soils of interest. We also found that dust from tractor air cleaners provided a good surrogate for dust
entrained by tillage and harvesting operations if the chemical species resulting from engine wear and exhaust were removed
from the data set or scaled back to the average of enrichment factors noted for chemical species with no known anthropogenic
sources. Chemical analyses of dust samples collected from attics approximately 4 km from the nearest source fields indicated
that anthropogenic sources of several environmentally important nutrient and trace element species are much larger contributors,
by up to nearly two orders of magnitude, to atmospheric loading and subsequent deposition than fugitive dust from eroding
soils. 相似文献
142.
Singh G Gupta SK Kumar R Sunderarajan M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,130(1-3):173-185
The present study describes the development of empirical models for the prediction of various trace metals i.e., Mn, Cu, Fe,
Zn and Pb found in the leachates generated from the ash ponds of various thermal power plants. The dispersion phenomenon of
these trace metals followed first order reaction rate kinetics. The empirical models for individual trace metals derived from
the lab scale models data correlate well with the real field data with regression coefficients varying from 0.93 to 0.98.
The predicted concentrations of the trace metals varied within ±3% of the observed values in the leachates generated from
the ash ponds of four thermal power plants with standard deviation varying from 0.001 to 0.032. The empirical models derived
from the study can be applied for prediction of trace metals in leachates generated from similar thermal power plants. 相似文献
143.
Godinho RM Wolterbeek HT Verburg T Freitas MC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(2):318-325
This experiment compares the short and long time element accumulation behaviour of transplants of Flavoparmelia caperata lichen thalli and total deposition in an atmospheric polluted area. It was found that lichens exposed for a short time behaved differently from lichens in cumulative exposition suggesting the presence of acclimatization behaviour. The lichen transplant elemental content does not unequivocally represent the average or cumulative environmental availability of the exposure period. Reflection characteristics depend on the element and the lichen physiological conditions. Good correlations between lichen elemental contents and total deposition were obtained when a physiological lichen parameter was introduced in a mathematical model, suggesting that metabolically mediated accumulation is important. 相似文献
144.
Seixas TG Kehrig Hdo A Costa M Fillmann G Di Beneditto AP Secchi ER Souza CM Malm O Moreira I 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(1):98-106
Selenium and total and organic mercury were determined in the liver and kidney of franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) incidentally caught in fishing nets along two Brazilian coastal areas (southeast and south). Regional differences in the concentrations of these contaminants were observed in P. blainvillei. Liver showed the highest organic and total mercury. In general, samples of individuals collected at the southern of Brazil had the highest concentrations of selenium and total and organic mercury. No significant gender differences were observed. Growth stage influenced the accumulation of these contaminants in both organs, and hepatic concentrations increased with the body length, according to the sampling area. Molar mercury and selenium concentrations in liver were significantly correlated, with a Se:Hg ratio close to 4. The among-site differences we found may be related to differences in preferred prey, bioavailability in the marine environment, environmental conditions, or these individuals may belong to distinct populations. 相似文献
145.
Uptake of Pd, Cd and Pb by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, has been studied in the presence of an anionic (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS), cationic (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; HDTMA) and non-ionic (Triton X-100; TX) surfactant. Compared with the surfactant-free system, metal sorption was reduced in the presence of SDS or TX. Neither surfactant, however, had any measurable impact on cell membrane permeability, determined by leakage of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA), or on metal internalisation. We attribute these observations to the stabilisation of aqueous Cd and Pb by SDS and the shielding of otherwise amenable sorption sites by TX. Presence of HDTMA resulted in a reduction in the extent of both sorption and internalisation of all metals and a significant increase in the leakage of DFAA. Thus, by enhancing membrane permeability, HDTMA exerts the greatest influence on metal behaviour in the presence of U. lactuca. 相似文献
146.
Metian M Bustamante P Hédouin L Warnau M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(3):543-552
Uptake of waterborne Cd, Co, Mn and Zn was determined in laboratory experiments using radiotracer techniques (109Cd, 57Co, 54Mn and 65Zn). Labelled Zn was mainly accumulated in the digestive gland (65%) and Co in kidneys (81%); Cd and Mn were similarly distributed in digestive gland and gills. In a complementary field study, Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were analysed in scallops collected at two stations showing different contamination levels. Digestive gland and kidneys displayed the highest concentrations. Ag, As, Cd, and Fe differed in soft tissues from the two stations, suggesting that Comptopallium radula could be a valuable local biomonitor species for these elements. Low Mn and Zn concentrations found in kidneys suggest that their content in calcium-phosphate concretions differs from the other pectinids. Preliminary risk considerations suggest that As would be the only element potentially leading to exposure of concern for seafood consumers. 相似文献
147.
Babu SH Kumar KS Suvardhan K Kiran K Rekha D Krishnaiah L Janardhanam K Chiranjeevi P 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):241-249
A procedure was developed for the determination of Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb and Mo in water samples by inductively coupled
plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after preconcentration on a morpholine dithiocarbamate (mor-DTC) supported by
bagasse (Saccharam aphisinaram). The sorbed elements were subsequently eluted with 4,M HNO3 and the acid eluates were analysed by ICP–AES. The influence of various parameters such as pH, flow rate of sample, eluent
concentration, volume of the sample and volume of eluent were investigated to enhance the sensitivity of the present method.
A 20,mL disposable syringe served as preconcentration column. Under the optimal conditions Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb and
Mo in aqueous sample was concentrated about 100-fold. The sorption recoveries of elements were higher than 99.6%. The method
is also applied for the analysis of natural and spiked water samples. 相似文献
148.
Alexander L. Bond 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1182-1184
Stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) are used frequently in ecotoxicological investigations of birds to relate contaminant levels to trophic position (δ15N) or foraging location (δ13C) and many researchers using avian feathers in such investigations use δ13C or δ15N as a predictor of contaminant concentrations. Contaminants, especially mercury, however, are integrated into feathers over different time periods than are stable isotopes, resulting in spurious relationships that have no biological meaning. I show the fundamental principles behind the conclusion that relating δ13C or δ15N to contaminant concentrations in feathers is not appropriate in light of the number of recent studies that have employed this approach, and make recommendations for those wishing to investigate the relationship between contaminants and stable isotope ratios. 相似文献
149.
G. Ungherese S. Somigli S. Focardi 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1638-1643
Trace metals are one of the groups of pollutants that reduce genetic variability in natural populations, causing the phenomenon known as “genetic erosion”. In this study we evaluate the relationship between trace metals contamination (Hg, Cd and Cu) and genetic variability, assessed using fluorescent Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (fISSRs). We used eight populations of a well-established biomonitor of trace metals on sandy beaches: the amphipod Talitrus saltator. The trace metals analysis confirmed the ability of sandhoppers to accumulate Hg, Cd and Cu. Moreover, populations from sites with high Hg availability had the lowest values of genetic diversity. Our results validate the use of fISSR markers in genetic studies in sandhoppers and support the “genetic erosion” hypothesis by showing the negative influence of Hg contamination on sandhopper genetic diversity. Therefore, genetic variability assessed with fISSR markers could be successfully employed as a biomarker of Hg exposure. 相似文献
150.
Christopher K.H. Guay Alexander V. Zhulidov Daniel A. Zhulidov Robert M. Holmes John V. Headley 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):624-630
Concentrations of dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in samples collected in summer 1998 from the lower reaches of six major Eurasian arctic rivers: the Onega, Severnaya Dvina, Mezen, Pechora, Ob and Yenisey. These data comprise some of the earliest measurements of trace metals in Eurasian arctic rivers above the estuaries using recognized clean techniques. Significant (α = 0.05) differences were observed among mean concentrations of particulate metals in the individual rivers (F ≤ 0.006), with highest levels overall observed in the Severnaya Dvina and Yenisey. No significant differences were observed among mean concentrations of dissolved metals in the individual rivers (F = 0.10-0.84). Contributions from anthropogenic sources are suggested by comparison of trace metal ratios in the samples to crustal abundances. These results establish a baseline for assessing future responses of Eurasian arctic river systems to climate-related environmental changes and shifting patterns of pollutant discharge. 相似文献