建筑行业农民工的职业安全健康现状及对策

通过分析现阶段我国建筑行业农民工的常见职业性伤害事故以及职业安全健康现状,从教育、技术、监管3个方面提出了引导农民工学会利用法律、通过合法渠道维护自身权益;改善农民工的就业环境,加强个体防护,讲究文明礼貌,遵守职业行为准则,培养科学、文明、健康的生活方式等具体措施,为农村富余劳动力转移提供更多的就业机会,增加农民收入促进城乡经济协调发展,保障建筑行业农民工的职业安全健康提供科学依据。     

NOSA五星管理系统在神华集团公司的应用研究

神华集团有限责任公司成立于1995年,为中央直管企业之一,是集煤矿、电力、铁路、港口、煤制油煤化工一体化开发,跨地区、跨行业、多元化经营的特大型能源企业。神华集团公司为提升安全管理水平,于2001年在电力板块率先引进并推广了南非NOSA五星管理系统。该管理系统是南非国家职业安全协会创建的一套集安全、健康和环保于一体的国际上先进的风险管理系统。本文阐述了NOSA五星管理系统的基本构成、适用范围、体系的特点和优点、以及推行该体系所要经历的三个阶段。文中重点介绍了神华集团公司在电力、煤炭和港口等业务板块推行NOSA管理体系的成功实践。最后,展望了该管理系统在集团公司铁路和煤化工板块推行的可能性,以及推行该系统为神华集团所带来的经济效益和社会效益。     

Protecting the planet and its people: how do interventions to promote environmental sustainability and occupational safety and health overlap?

Problem: The challenges of both occupational safety and health and environmental sustainability require large-scale behavior change for meaningful improvements to occur. Environmental sustainability, or the ‘green movement’ has received far more attention recently, and certain strategies and recommendations from interventions designed for promoting pro-environmental behaviors may inform efforts to intervene on critical behaviors for improving occupational safety and health. Method: A survey of the literature regarding behavioral interventions for both environmental sustainability and occupational safety and health was conducted. Several theoretical approaches are reviewed, and successful approaches from each domain are identified, as well as parallel challenges and points for crossover. Recommendations are provided for adapting environmental sustainability intervention approaches for occupational safety and health applications. Impact on Industry: Safety and health leaders may achieve sustainable improvements in worker safety and health by harnessing the momentum of the green movement and adapting successful intervention approaches from the environmental sustainability domain.     

Changes in fall prevention training for apprentice carpenters based on a comprehensive needs assessment

Problem

Falls from heights in residential construction are common, especially among inexperienced workers.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive needs assessment to determine gaps in the school-based apprentice carpenters' fall prevention training. A team of carpenter instructors and researchers revised the fall prevention training to fill these gaps. Apprentice evaluation and feedback guided ongoing curricular improvements.

Results

Most apprentice carpenters performed work tasks at heights prior to training and fall protection techniques were not commonly used at residential construction sites. Priorities of the revised school-based training included safe ladder habits, truss setting, scaffold use, guarding floor openings, and using personal fall arrest systems. New apprentices were targeted to ensure training prior to exposure at the workplace. We used adult learning principles to emphasize hands-on experiences. A framed portion of a residential construction site was fabricated to practice fall protection behaviors in a realistic setting. The revised curriculum has been delivered consistently and apprentice feedback has been very favorable.

Conclusions

Integration of needs assessment results was invaluable in revising the school-based carpenters apprentice fall prevention curriculum. Working closely with the instructors to tailor learning experiences has provided preliminary positive results.

Impact on Industry

The fall safety of the residential construction industry continues to lag behind commercial construction and industrial settings. The National Occupational Research Agenda includes a Strategic Goal to strengthen and extend the reach of quality training and education in the construction industry via mechanisms such as construction safety and health training needs assessments. This study demonstrates how a structured process can be used to identify and remedy gaps and improve training effectiveness. We encourage others to take steps to assess and increase the impact of training efforts directed at all residential construction professionals; including both union and non-union workers. The implications are even greater in the non-union sector where most U.S. residential work is done.     

交通系统主体工种的主要职业危害及卫生工程技术发展趋势

提出交通系统主体工种中存在的主要职业危害;简析消除或减轻职业危害的主要途径;论述交通系统卫生工程技术发展趋势。     

煤矿本质安全化管理体系建立及其应用的探讨

运用安全系统工程中的事故树理论,以瓦斯爆炸事故为例分析了煤矿中的7类主要事故,并得出相应的事故树。通过对事故树的定性分析,得出事故树的最小径集和基本事件重要度排序。进而可预测基本事件的发生所能够导致的结果,可根据各基本事件的重要度排序,确定避免发生事故应采取的基本措施,并建立了煤矿本质安全化管理体系。设计出煤矿本质安全化管理体系的软件,并以瓦斯爆炸事故为例,分析了该管理体系在实际中的应用效果。     

英国职业卫生法规、监管及统计体系

英国按照《职业安全和卫生法(1974)》,以职业安全卫生执行局(HSE)为执法和调查统计的主管机构,建立了以RIDDOR95规程为基础的企业雇主对其作业场所职业卫生记录和报告制度,同时HSE采取多种形式的政府主动调查,形成了较为完善的职业卫生调查统计体系。目前,我国职业卫生的调查统计体系尚未形成。以系统的方法和思路,从英国的职业卫生法规、监管入手,分析其调查统计体系,并采用对比分析的方法,将英国的体系与美国进行对比,学习工业发达国家的共同经验,为我国建立职业卫生统计体系提供借鉴。研究认为,上层法律及配套规范齐全、形成了政府主动调查与企业雇主主动记录和报告相结合的统计方式,以及调查统计数据定期向公众发布和实现信息共享是英美两国体系的共同特征。     

2006年促进职业安全与健康框架公约和建议书介绍及相关问题探讨

《2006年促进职业安全与健康框架公约》(C187,2006)和《职业安全与健康框架建议书》(R197,2006)的公布是为了进一步减少全球发生的大量职业性伤病和死亡,保护工人免受因就业而引发的病患和伤害,降低职业性伤病和死亡对劳动生产率和经济与社会发展的负面影响。本文对《公约》及《建议书》的主要内容,包括《公约》中的定义、《公约》制定的目标、国家政策、国家制度、国家计划等进行了详细的介绍和分析,以期继续推广预防性安全健康文化建设。     

我国职业卫生法规标准体系现状分析

建国以来,职业卫生监管职能几经调整,我国的职业卫生法规标准体系因此呈现出与职业安全分离、涉及多部门、缺乏总体规划和尚不完善等特点,亟需统一科学规划。本文就目前我国职业卫生法规标准体系存在的主要问题进行初步探讨,并提出进一步规划与发展完善的建议。     

职业卫生监管工作实践探讨

职业卫生工作是安全生产工作的重要组成部分,是政府履行社会管理和市场监管职能的一项重要任务。做好职业卫生监管工作,对做好安全生产,维护社会稳定,促进经济社会全面发展,构建和谐社会具有十分重要的意义。本文总结了实践中的工作经验,提出了目前我国职业卫生监管工作的难点,如存在认识不足,重视不够、主体责任不落实、可操作性法规滞后、监管体制不顺等难点。根据这些难点,有针对性的提出了开展职业卫生监管工作的方法和途径,并对进一步改善和加强我国的职业卫生监管工作提出了建议。