河流健康研究进展与前瞻

河流健康研究是目前河流生态学领域研究热点之一。首先介绍了河流健康概念的产生、发展及其不同的内涵,辨析了河流生态系统健康、流域生态系统健康概念与河流健康概念的区别与联系,认为河流健康是指河流既能保持河流生态系统完整性,又能维持其对人类社会提供的各种服务功能。在分析河流健康内涵的基础上,着重回顾分析了国内外河流健康评价的实践情况以及河流健康评价方法,根据河流健康评价方法的评价原理,河流健康评价方法主要分为预测模型法和多指标方法。针对目前河流健康研究领域存在的主要问题,提出了河流健康研究的发展方向,认为今后开展河流健康评价研究还需在评价指标选取、评价标准确定、评价尺度选取以及河流健康评价与河流管理集成等方面进一步加强。     

某油田企业职业健康体检结果分析与对策

对2007年度某油田企业职业健康体检结果样本进行了分析,并提出相应对策。     

兰州市道路交通噪声污染与人体健康的分析

随着环保事业的发展,人们已认识到环境系统的健康与人体的健康状况有着密切的关系。笔者采用流行病学研究方法和SPSS 11.0forWindows的统计软件,对居住在交通干线两旁的居民,按照不同个体特征和不同居住环境所受交通噪声影响的程度进行了对比分析,其结果表明,中年人比老年人和青年人受噪声影响明显;不同性别受噪声影响程度没有明显差异;各功能区特征不同,混合区受噪声影响最严重;在道路交通噪声较高的区域,该地区居民的受影响程度也相对较高。最后,提出了在新城建设和旧城改造过程之中考虑城市道路规划设计,居民自身也应加强个人防护的防治对策     

Synthesis and recommendations of the economic evaluation of OHS interventions at the company level conference

PROBLEM: In today's economic environment, enterprises may not be able to fund every new project aimed at promoting health and safety in the workplace. Company level economic evaluation of interventions can provide guidance in sound business decision-making. The Economic Evaluation of Occupational Health and Safety Interventions at the Company Level Meeting brought together members of the global occupational safety and health community interested in encouraging the use of economic knowledge and tools to evaluate economic gains from occupational health and safety interventions. DISCUSSION: Discussions of the six models presented explored similarities, reliability, and potential use by corporate enterprises, small and medium enterprises, developing and transitioning nations, and economic theorists. Each group provided specific projects that could be pursued to advance knowledge in the area of economic evaluation at the company level. CONCLUSION: This conference established pathway to incorporate economic evaluation of health and safety interventions or programs at the workplace.     

Value Orientation and Forest Management: The Forest Health Debate

Among both forest practitioners and the general public, “forest health” has become an issue of contention. Whereas the debate over which treatments will best achieve healthy forests has been framed largely by the popular media and politicians as a struggle between industry and environmentalists, the views of the general public remain unexplored. Survey results from Oregon and Washington residents were used to assess the relationships between respondents’ self-described environmental or economic priorities and the following two variables: (1) acceptability of forest management practices and (2) perceived threats to forest health. Findings indicate that active management was generally accepted by a majority of respondents regardless of their environmental or economic orientation. Disagreement emerged, however, when the appropriateness of specific management practices within specific forest conditions was examined. Additionally, strong evidence was found for a relationship between self-described environmental or economic orientation and perceived threats to forest health. Those with an environmentally oriented viewpoint tended to perceive human-caused factors as the largest threats, whereas those with an economic orientation saw naturally occurring processes as the greatest threats. These findings suggest that the issue of contention is not active management per se. Rather, the major divisions in the forest health debate are defined by specific contexts and circumstances, as well as the management practices used.     

HIPS阻燃复合材料三元潜在火灾危险性评价

将高抗冲聚苯乙烯树脂颗粒(纳米/微米级)、十溴二苯乙烷颗粒、三氧化二锑、弹性体、分散剂和偶联剂通过一步熔融共混工艺先行制备UL94 V-0级阻燃母粒,再将其与HIPS本体树脂按不同比例混合制得阻燃复合材料,并利用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL94)及ISO 5660锥形量热计三项测试表征制得样品的燃烧和火灾性能,从中提炼和分析LOI、垂直燃烧等级和最大热释放速率(Pk HRR)等三元关键指标相关性,给出了定性定量相结合的潜在火灾危险性分级范围。结果表明:UL94燃烧等级和Pk HRR相关性体现为当Pk HRR≤330.0 k W/m~2时,试样UL94等级均为V-0级;UL94燃烧等级和LOI相关性体现为随UL94燃烧等级从V-0降到HB时,试样LOI从27.0降到17.0;Pk HRR与LOI相关性体现为Pk HRR与LOI呈粗略反向线性相关性;UL94燃烧等级、Pk HRR和LOI三元相关性体现为当LOI22.0、Pk HRR为399.0~665.0 k W/m~2时,材料UL94燃烧等级介于HB~V-2。     

A new approach to managing work-related road traffic injury: The development of a health investment framework

Objective: Statistics indicate that employees commuting or traveling as part of their work are overrepresented in workplace injury and death. Despite this, many organizations are unaware of the factors within their organizations that are likely to influence potential reductions in work-related road traffic injury.

Methods: This article presents a multilevel conceptual framework that identifies health investment as the central feature in reducing work-related road traffic injury. Within this framework, we explore factors operating at the individual driver, workgroup supervisor, and organizational senior management levels that create a mutually reinforcing system of safety.

Results: The health investment framework identifies key factors at the senior manager, supervisor, and driver levels to cultivating a safe working environment. These factors are high-performance workplace systems, leader–member exchange and autonomy, trust and empowerment, respectively. The framework demonstrates the important interactions between these factors and how they create a self-sustaining organizational safety system.

Conclusions: The framework aims to provide insight into the future development of interventions that are strategically aligned with the organization and target elements that facilitate and enhance driver safety and ultimately reduce work-related road traffic injury and death.     

基于城市面板数据的PM2.5对公共健康的影响

基于Grossman健康生产函数,利用2008~2017年全国280个城市的面板数据,以PM_2.5为空气污染的代表指标,探讨中国空气污染与公共健康之间的动态关系,考虑到公共健康的空间效应,采用空间计量模型进行实证研究.结果表明,在未考虑空间效应的情况下,PM_2.5浓度每增加1%,城市总人口死亡率增加0.040%;考虑空间效应后,PM_2.5浓度每增加1%,城市总人口死亡率增加0.0606%.PM_2.5污染对公共健康具有显著的负面影响,由于存在空间溢出效应,PM_2.5污染对城市公共健康水平的影响程度增加,表明忽视空间相关性的存在,会低估PM_2.5污染对公众健康的影响;而经济发展水平的提高以及产业结构的调整对公共健康有较强的改善作用.     

退役工业固废填埋场地再利用的全寿命环境风险特征

通过现场采样和过程模型模拟等方法研究了典型退役工业固废填埋场地（DISWL）原位开发条件下的健康风险及长期演化规律.结果表明,经过近20a的浸出和降解,86%的废物浸出浓度依然处于有害水平,70%的废物不宜直接作为建设用地土壤.直接作为建筑用地开发利用条件下,由于DISWL的性能退化会导致有害组分的浸出和渗漏增加,由此导致地下水水质超标概率经历从无（短期）到有（中期,个别物质如总氰化物T-CN和易释放氰化物F-CN）,再到后期的较大概率超标（T-CN和F-CN）的渐变过程;同时,场地利用过程的健康风险也逐步增加,来自于As的致癌风险和自于T-CN的非致癌风险,分别超过风险可接受水平的81~179倍和55.32~224.3倍.上述结果提示DISWL场地开发再利用的风险评估和管控策略应重点考虑长期风险.对于长期风险不可接受的场地,通过降低废物中毒性物质的浸出浓度可实现长期风险可接受,并提出了相应浸出浓度限值的计算框架和方法.     

基于土壤汞形态归趋的健康风险评估方法

土壤汞污染是一个全球性关注问题,矿产资源开采、化工生产和燃煤发电等均造成了不同程度的土壤汞污染,合理评估汞污染场地的健康风险是场地开发再利用的关键.对土壤中汞的形态归趋研究总结表明,由于汞的特殊物理化学性质,并受土壤等环境因素的影响,导致其在土壤中具有复杂的化学形态和变化过程.汞在土壤中的不同化学形态归趋对其毒性效应、生物有效性和暴露途径产生显著影响.基于土壤汞总量的风险评估方法忽略了土壤中不同化学形态汞对毒性、生物有效性和暴露途径的影响,导致高估土壤汞污染的健康风险.针对基于土壤汞总量的风险评估存在的问题,提出了基于土壤汞形态归趋的土壤汞污染健康风险评估理论,并构建基于土壤汞形态归趋-有效剂量-健康效应的土壤汞污染的精细化风险评估技术体系框架:①土壤不同形态汞的测定与表征方法;②汞形态归趋预测模型;③暴露分析与暴露量计算;④有效剂量（生物可给性或生物有效性）测定;⑤风险表征;⑥基于不同形态汞的场地土壤污染风险筛选值和修复目标制定.该方法体系从理论上解决了传统基于土壤汞总量的风险评估方法存在的问题,实际应用中面临的主要问题和今后重点发展方向:①研发可商业化的土壤汞化学物组分分析仪及土壤汞蒸气的原位测定方法;②结合中国场地土壤特点,开展土壤中汞的形态归趋模拟的模型研究,弥补现阶段土壤汞化合物形态分析方法的欠缺;③研发和建立土壤汞的生物可给性和有效性的标准测试方法技术;④本土化的土壤汞筛选值的确定.