海南岛东寨港区域水体中有机氯农药组成与时空分布

利用GC-ECD对海南岛东寨港区域水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行检测.结果表明,地表水中ρ(OCPs)为2.53～241.97 ng/L,海水中ρ(OCPs)为3.60～28.30 ng/L;地表水中的ρ(OCPs)呈季节性分布,枯水期ρ(OCPs)高于丰水期;同时西南部三江水体中ρ(OCPs)最高.地表水中同时期的ρ(DDTs)高于ρ(HCHs),且地表水中ρ(DDTs)呈现季节性分块分布,DDTs组成随季节而变化.海水中ρ(OCPs)分布规律为内外交接处＞外港＞内港.地表水和海水中有机氯农药组成不同,地表水中有机氯农药是海水中有机氯农药来源之一.与国内外河流相比较,研究区地表水有机氯农药含量处于中低水平.      

Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. ∑PBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n = 42) ranged from 80 to 25 720 ng g⁻¹ lw, (overall mean 2403 ± 5406 ng g⁻¹ lw). By age, mean ∑PBDE concentrations were: 3645 ± 7388, 2945 ± 5995, 1385 ± 1265, and 326 ± 193 ng g⁻¹ lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n = 12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g⁻¹ lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.     

香港吐露港地区河流水质管理效果研究

为探讨香港水质管理的措施及效果,本文对香港吐露港地区5条河流10个监测点1985—2014年的地表水质数据进行分析,观察水体整治管理前后污染物浓度的变化。结果表明:10个监测点的氨氮、BOD_5、COD和TP的浓度均逐年下降,上下游共同努力,使各项污染物得到很大程度的削减,并且治理前后的浓度存在明显统计学差异(p0.05),且治理之后各项污染物年均浓度趋于平稳,达到标准以内。由此可以看出,香港地区水质管理效果的显著与其所实施的《水污染管制条例》、禽畜饲养禁制区设立与吐露港及牛尾海污水收集整体计划密不可分。随着国务院颁布的《水污染防治行动计划》的施行,香港吐露港地区治理的措施可为我国现阶段黑臭水体整治工作所借鉴。     

Influence of ship emissions on NOx, SO2, O3 and PM concentrations in a North-Sea harbor in France

The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM_(10) concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe,with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-on/roll-off cargo in average per day. NO_x, SO_2, O_3 and PM_(10) concentrations were continuously measured over a three-month period, as well as real-time particle size distribution. A rural site located at Cape Gris-Nez, 20km from Calais, was considered to deduce intrinsic contribution of ship emissions at the harbor city.The average concentrations of the studied species as well as the pattern of the conditional bivariate probability function at the two sites evidenced that in-port shipping, especially during the maneuvering operations, has an important influence on the NO_xand SO_2 concentrations. The impact of shipping in the harbor of Calais on average concentrations was estimated to 51% for SO_2, 35% for NO, 15% for NO_2 and 2% for PM_(10) in the studied period.Concentration peaks of SO_2 and NO_x associated with an O_3 depletion appeared synchronized with departures and arrivals of ferries. For winds blowing from the harbor,when compared to the background level, the number of particles appeared 10 times higher,with the highest differences in the 30–67nm and the 109–167 nm size ranges. The average impact of in-port ships on PM310 concentrations was estimated to + 28.9 μg/mand concerned mainly the PM1 size fraction(40%). Punctually, PM_(10) can potentially reach a concentration value close to 100 μg/m~3.     

Simulation of Surface Water for Un‐Gauged Areas with Storage‐Attenuation Wetlands1

Abstract: A nontraditional application of the Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) model to simulate freshwater discharge to upper Charlotte Harbor along Florida’s west coast was performed. This application was different from traditional HSPF applications in three ways. First, the domain of the model was defined based on the hydraulic characteristics of the landforms using small distributed parameter discretization. Second, broad wetland land forms, representing more than 20% of this area, were simulated as reaches with storage‐attenuation characteristics and not as pervious land segments (PERLNDs). Finally, the reach flow‐tables (F‐Tables) were configured in a unique way to be calibrated representing the uncertainty of the storage‐attenuation process. Characterizing wetlands as hydrography elements allows flow from the wetlands to be treated as a stage‐dependent flux. The study was conducted for the un‐gauged portion of the Peace and Myakka rivers in west‐central Florida. Due to low gradient tidal influences, a large portion of the basin is un‐gauged. The objective of this study was to simulate stream flow discharges and to estimate freshwater inflow from these un‐gauged areas to upper Charlotte Harbor. Two local gauging stations were located within the model domain and were used for calibration. Another gauge with a shorter period of record was used for verification. A set of global hydrologic parameters were selected and tested using the parameter optimization software (PEST) during the calibration. Model results were evaluated using PEST and well‐known statistical indices. The correlation coefficients were very high (0.899 and 0.825) for the two calibration stations. Further testing of this approach appears warranted for watersheds with significant wetlands coverage.     

岩溶山区表土中7Be、137Cs、226Ra和228Ra的地球化学相分配及其侵蚀示踪意义

利用ＧＣ－ＭＳ定性及ＧＣ－ＦＩＤ定量，测定了１９９３年１１月采自厦门西海域８个站位的表层沉积物样品。应用模糊聚类的方法，结合献资料，对甾醇的指标作用进行了探讨；利用聚类结果去除少量不合理数据，将甾醇划为３类，其在海域中的分布各有特点；Ａ类甾醇带有经处理过的污水的特征，表现出从厦门市最大生活污排污口向四周扩散的过程；     

粤东拓林湾海产动物的重金属污染检测与评价

采用原子吸收分光光度法,对粤东拓林湾海域6个主要的海产品生产基地的14种养殖的贝类、甲壳类和鱼类样品体内的5种重金属(Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb)含量进行测定,并根据海洋生物污染评价标准对重金属含量进行单因子污染评价和综合污染评价.结果显示,拓林湾海域海产品大多数未被重金属污染或微污染,拓林湾海域水体环境质量良好,适...     

Restoration of Marine Coastal Ecosystem Health as a New Goal for Integrated Catchment Management in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong, China

This article demonstrates why it is necessary to have the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management in the coastal area of Tolo Harbor. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbor is based on water quality objectives. The performance of the ICM plan, the Tolo Harbor Action Plan (THAP), was evaluated using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including both stress and response indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reductions in pollution loading have been observed: reduction of 83% of biological oxygen demand load and 82% of total nitrogen between 1988 and 1999. There has also been an improvement in the health of Tolo Harbor’s marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced by trends in physical, chemical, and biological indicators, although reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, such improvement can only be considered as the first sign of complete ecosystem health restoration, because ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical, and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem service functions. The findings support the need to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal rather than using water quality objectives. Steps necessary to further improve Tolo Harbor’s marine coastal ecosystem health are also discussed.     

洋山海域工程前后水动力特征分析

洋山海域自2002年建港工程以来,先后封堵了北岛链三个过水汊道,使得海域附近水动力结构发生显著变化。采用工程前后大量水动力实测资料,并结合数值计算结果,对洋山海域工程前后的水动力特征进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:工程后大部分海域涨潮流速降低,但小洋山前沿除外;整个海域落潮流速度增加,但地形急剧缩窄的东口门区域增幅并不显著。讨论认为,地转偏向力显著增强了海域北部区域特别是小洋山前沿海域的涨潮流速,是小洋山岛屿前沿海域涨潮流速工程后维持不变的重要原因;受南岛链不规则岸线的影响,地转偏向力对落潮流影响不显著。工程后各汊道的封堵使得落潮流外泄不畅而发生壅水,使得工程后涨潮时段海域水位低于工程前,没有壅水现象发生。工程后的涨、落憩流时段均形成了较大范围、较长时段的弱流场。     

连云港港区海洋环境质量状况

为分析连云港海洋环境质量,对连云港港区水质、沉积物及生物因子进行监测。结果表明,港区内某些点位水质中无机氮含量较高,达到污染程度,其余点位监测指标均正常,沉积物中的重金属尚未对该海域造成污染。浮游植物31种,其中甲藻门8种,硅藻门23种,浮游植物数量变动为1.84×104m-3~1.16×105m-3;底栖生物17种,多样性指数平均值为1.89。港区内水域环境时空变化表明,海水中锌含量连续大幅增加,其余指标均下降50%,沉积物重金属含量变化不大。