基于有限元分析的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式构建

为了更加精确地计算X80高钢级管道剩余强度,以有限元分析理论基础为依据,采用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件对含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道进行仿真模拟。基于X80高钢级管道有限元模型计算结果,选用1stOpt软件,用拟合的方法构建出以腐蚀缺陷长度、腐蚀缺陷深度、管径、壁厚等因素为变量的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式,将拟合公式与PCORRC,DNV RP-F101和LPC-1等3种评价方法的准确性进行对比、验证和分析。结果表明:拟合公式的误差较小,具有较好的适用性。研究结果对改进现有评价方法具有参考作用。     

Effects of microbial inoculations and surfactant levels on biologically- and chemically-assisted phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by maize (Zea Mays L.)

Assisted phytoremediation has been widely used for decontamination of potentially toxic elements contaminated soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different microbial inoculations and surfactant levels on the phytoremediation of a Pb-polluted calcareous soil by maize. The results showed that application of surfactant increased both root and shoot dry matter yields. Microbial inoculations, however, had no significant effect on the root or shoot dry matter yield. Mean Pb uptake in maize root or shoot increased only following the application of some surfactant levels. Inoculation with microorganisms significantly increased both mean Pb concentration and uptake in maize root but not in maize shoot. Application of 4?mmol surfactant kg?1 along with inoculation with Priformospora indica was effective in increasing Pb phytostabilisation potential. While the application of 2?mmol surfactant kg^?1 along with inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens was effective in increasing Pb phytoextraction potential. The fact that the values of translocation efficiencies were low in all treatments, demonstrated the low capability of maize for translocation of Pb from root to shoot. Inoculation with P. fluorescens was the most effective treatment in increasing metal micronutrient uptake. Microbial inoculation and surfactant levels enhanced Pb phytoremediation mostly through phytostabilisation of this metal by maize.     

水滑石及其焙烧产物对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附

研究了水滑石(HT)及其焙烧产物(HTC)对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附特征.结果表明,在常见染料废水浓度范围内,HTC的吸附量和吸附速率都明显大于HT,HTC的吸附等温线和动力学分别符合Langmuir等温方程和粒间扩散模型.HTC对阴离子染料的去除受无机阴离子(Cl-, SO2-4 和CO2-3)的影响较小,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的存在能明显降低酸性蓝-80的吸附量.吸附量随温度的升高明显下降.     

表面活性剂强化污泥生物淋滤Cu、Zn的研究

通过接种经Tween-80驯化培养的污泥混合硫杆菌,研究了不同浓度表面活性剂Tween-80对污泥生物淋滤过程中重金属Cu、Zn溶出效果的影响.同时探讨了Tween-80对混合硫杆菌氧化元素硫能力的影响.结果表明,投加0.5~8.0g/L Tween-80能促进硫杆菌氧化元素硫,并随着投加量的增加,元素硫的氧化率提高.但是在污泥生物淋滤实验中,随着Tween-80投加量增加,这种促进作用先加强后被抑制.Tween-80最佳投加量为6.0g/L,这时元素硫的生物氧化率显著提高,污泥酸化加快,经过8d的淋滤,Cu和Zn的淋滤效果可达到最佳,溶出率分别为91.9%和90.4%,而对照组在第10d淋滤效果达到最佳,分别为80.1%和85.2%.但是当Tween-80浓度大于6.0g/L时,硫杆菌的生长和繁殖受到抑制,使生物淋滤反应速度减缓,去除效率较低.     

哈法亚油田注水井管材腐蚀规律研究

目的合理地进行井筒选材和更好地开展防腐工作。方法通过高压釜模拟哈法亚油田注水井腐蚀介质环境,研究温度、压力和pH对注水井油管L80钢腐蚀规律的影响。结果随着实验温度的升高,L80钢表面腐蚀产物越来越疏松,腐蚀速率增大;随着注水压力的升高,腐蚀速率增大,局部腐蚀逐渐增强;随着pH的升高,L80的腐蚀速率有所降低,主要发生全面腐蚀;腐蚀产物主要为铁的氧化物和CaCO_3。结论该研究为井筒选材和防腐工作提供一定的技术支持。     

月桂酸在超临界CO2/H2O环境下的缓蚀行为研究

目的 探明超临界CO2/H2O介质环境下缓蚀剂的作用机制,并筛选可靠的缓蚀剂。方法 采用高压电化学测试、动态质量损失测试和表面形貌分析等手段,研究月桂酸对N80碳钢在不同CO2压力条件下的缓蚀行为变化。结果 月桂酸是一种混合型缓蚀剂,能显著抑制碳钢在超临界CO2/H2O环境下的腐蚀。结论 当体系由非超临界CO2状态转变为超临界CO2状态时,月桂酸在碳钢表面覆盖膜更为致密,且具有显著的疏水作用,缓蚀效率得到明显提升。     

一种基于SDS溶液高效提取土壤残留Bt蛋白的方法

通过对SDS浓度、孵育温度和孵育时间3种提取条件的研究,建立了一种基于SDS溶液的提取土壤中残留Bt蛋白的方法(简称SDS法).在ρ(SDS)为2 g·L-1、孵育温度为50℃、孵育时间≥4 h条件下,采用SDS法可有效地从不同类型土壤样品中提取残留Bt蛋白,提取效果明显好于碳酸盐法、人造蠕虫肠道蛋白提取液法和PBST(phosphate buffer solution with Tween-20)法.     

地下水中Tween80对DNAPL运移和分布的影响

选用地下环境中普遍存在的四氯乙烯（PCE）为典型DNAPLs污染物,建立二维砂箱模型,研究一种人为引入表面活性剂Tween 80对粗砂介质中DNAPLs迁移和分布的影响.测定了含不同浓度Tween 80水溶液/石英砂/PCE三相体系下的液/液界面张力及PCE在石英介质表面的接触角,结果表明PCE在石英砂表面的接触角随着Tween 80浓度的增大而增大,PCE/水的界面张力随着Tween 80浓度的增大而减小,Tween 80浓度在CMC值附近时变化急剧.随后的二维砂箱实验定量描述地下水中表面活性剂Tween 80对PCE的迁移和最终形态的影响.由于Tween 80可以使石英砂介质由水相润湿转变为中间润湿或油相润湿态,相应地在20~30目的粗砂均质介质中Tween 80对DNAPLs迁移存在明显影响.背景溶液中表面活性剂的存在使得DNAPL的垂直运移速度减小,垂向迁移距离减小,最终使得被截留在运移路径上的残留PCE增加.和纯水流情况下相比,地下水中含有表面活性物剂Tween 80时,使得DNPAL污染羽向水流方向偏移减弱,污染羽展布面积与纯水情形下相比,在垂向上均明显减小,并且以较大饱和度残留的DNAPL量增加.     

Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests

Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R² = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.     

Exposing ecological and economic costs of the research‐implementation gap and compromises in decision making

The frequently discussed gap between conservation science and practice is manifest in the gap between spatial conservation prioritization plans and their implementation. We analyzed the research‐implementation gap of one zoning case by comparing results of a spatial prioritization analysis aimed at avoiding ecological impact of peat mining in a regional zoning process with the final zoning plan. We examined the relatively complex planning process to determine the gaps among research, zoning, and decision making. We quantified the ecological costs of the differing trade‐offs between ecological and socioeconomic factors included in the different zoning suggestions by comparing the landscape‐level loss of ecological features (species occurrences, habitat area, etc.) between the different solutions for spatial allocation of peat mining. We also discussed with the scientists and planners the reasons for differing zoning suggestions. The implemented plan differed from the scientists suggestion in that its focus was individual ecological features rather than all the ecological features for which there were data; planners and decision makers considered effects of peat mining on areas not included in the prioritization analysis; zoning was not truly seen as a resource‐allocation process and not emphasized in general minimizing ecological losses while satisfying economic needs (peat‐mining potential); and decision makers based their prioritization of sites on site‐level information showing high ecological value and on single legislative factors instead of finding a cost‐effective landscape‐level solution. We believe that if the zoning and decision‐making processes are very complex, then the usefulness of science‐based prioritization tools is likely to be reduced. Nevertheless, we found that high‐end tools were useful in clearly exposing trade‐offs between conservation and resource utilization.