吐温80与氢氧化钠耦合污泥溶胞及生物水解酸化特性研究

采用吐温80与氢氧化钠耦合进行污泥溶胞,当污泥溶胞时间为15min时,污泥上清液中蛋白质与DNA浓度较初始上清液中分别提高了32.5倍和15.8倍,显示细胞壁已得到有效破解,胞内的蛋白质与DNA溶出进入水相。而且,溶胞后污泥的水解酸化过程中挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)和氨氮产量随着吐温80浓度的增大和酸化时间的延长而增加,这表明吐温80的加入促进了水解酸化菌对蛋白质和碳水化合物的分解。酸化进行24h时,不同条件下系统的pH均达到7.4左右,此后系统进入稳定运行阶段。     

钢制环氧套筒修复环焊缝缺陷管道影响因素研究

为研究钢制环氧套筒不同结构参数对X80管道环焊缝缺陷修复补强效果的影响,基于ANSYS有限元软件建立钢制环氧套筒修复含环焊缝缺陷X80管道的有限元模型,在内压与弯矩荷载联合作用下进行有限元模拟,并验证该模型的有效性及准确性。研究结果表明：随着钢制环氧套筒厚度(H)和长度(L)的增加,修复补强效果逐渐加强;当厚度(H)和长度(L)达到一定值后,修复补强效果不再改变;随着环氧树脂厚度(δ)的增加,修复补强效果逐渐变差;采用环氧树脂厚度为15 mm且钢制环氧套筒厚度和长度分别为27,1 800 mm时,对直径为1 016 mm且壁厚为15.3 mm的含环焊缝缺陷X80管道的修复效果达到最优。     

Numerical simulation of PAHs sorption/desorption on soil with the influence of Tween80

In this paper, the influences of inionic surfactant Tween80 on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） sorption/desorption on artificially contaminated soil were studied, and γ model was applied to simulate the influences. Results showed that, with the use of Tween 80, the sorption behaviors of PAHs on soil altered significantly. Adsorbed Tween 80 increased the sorption amount of PAHs while the dissolved Tween80 increased the apparent solubility of PAHs. These two processes exert influences on the sorption coefficient of PAHs in soil-water system, which can be depicted by apparent sorption coefficient. The partition coefficients （the soil/water partition coefficient of PAHs and surfactants obtained fxom sorption experiments） and statistical parameters used in the amended γ model were obtained in independent experiments. With these parameters, the γ model could provide a satisfactory independent prediction of PAHs release from soil to aqueous phase at two surfactant concentrations.     

DNAPL在透镜体及表面活性剂作用下的运移研究

选择四氯乙烯(PCE)作为典型重非水相液体(DNAPLs)污染物,进行PCE在二维砂箱中的运移及修复实验,采用一种改进光透法探讨DNAPL在含不同透镜体非均质含水层中的运移和饱和度分布特性.在此基础上,考察非离子表面活性剂(吐温80)对DNAPL的原位冲洗修复效果.结果表明,在模拟天然地下水流条件下,当PCE运移到达各透镜体时,PCE均未进入透镜体而是在其上方聚集形成污染池,然后逐渐侧向扩散,即使在较粗透镜体(20/30目和40/60目石英砂按 1:1质量比例混合)上也无法进入.吐温80对PCE的修复效果显著,冲洗58h后,94.2%的PCE被去除.表面活性剂的引入能够减小PCE和水的界面张力,界面张力的减小量可达38.8dyn/cm,相应各透镜体上覆界面处的毛细压力水头值会有不同程度的减小,在较粗透镜体上的PCE可以穿透透镜体并继续向下运移.透镜体的毛细截留作用会限制修复后期的修复效率,修复75,3520min的修复效率分别为0.63,0.05g/g,其中较粗透镜体上截留的PCE相对其他较细透镜体容易移出.     

新型吸收剂净化吸收甲苯废气的实验研究

选择柠檬酸钠水溶液、Tween-20水溶液、檬酸钠-Tween-20混合水溶液、新型矿物油及新型矿物油-水作为研究对象,实验研究对比了几种吸收剂对甲苯废气的吸收效果。通过实验分析可知,檬酸钠水体系对甲苯废气吸收能力有限,加入盐类可小幅增强其水体系对于甲苯废气的吸收效果,其中Tween-20水溶液吸收剂对甲苯废气吸收率较柠檬酸钠水体系高;新型矿物油对甲苯废气有着较好的处理效果,吸收率最高可达97%,而新型矿物油-水混合吸收剂中单位体积新型矿物油对甲苯废气吸收率较新型矿物油吸收剂提高45%,且具有吸收效率高、分散性好、再生成本低的优点。     

Tween80对黑麦草吸收土壤中2,2′,5,5′-四氯联苯影响

以黑麦草为供试植物,山地褐土为供试土壤,以黑麦草体内2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯含量、土壤中2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯含量为指标,研究了添加表面活性剂Tween80对黑麦草吸收土壤中2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯作用的影响。结果表明,黑麦草对土壤中2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯有较强的吸收。40 d实验后植物吸收到达高峰,此时,土壤中2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯浓度由1045.62 ng/g下降至340.61 ng/g。在添加量为0~20 mg/g范围内,Tween80对黑麦草的生长无明显胁迫或毒害作用,并可显著提高黑麦草对2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯的吸收。当Tween80添加量为1 mg/g时,供试40 d后,黑麦草体内2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯的积累量达到138.22μg/g,是无表面活性剂添加组积累量72.52μg/g的将近2倍。但同时,高Tween80添加量又会抑制黑麦草对2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯的吸收,当Tween80添加量分别为10 mg/g和20 mg/g时,供试40 d后,黑麦草中2,2',5,5'-四氯联苯的积累量比1 mg/g添加量组分别减少了12.80μg/g和17.12μg/g。     

Identifying taxonomic and functional surrogates for spring biodiversity conservation

Surrogate approaches are widely used to estimate overall taxonomic diversity for conservation planning. Surrogate taxa are frequently selected based on rarity or charisma, whereas selection through statistical modeling has been applied rarely. We used boosted‐regression‐tree models (BRT) fitted to biological data from 165 springs to identify bryophyte and invertebrate surrogates for taxonomic and functional diversity of boreal springs. We focused on these 2 groups because they are well known and abundant in most boreal springs. The best indicators of taxonomic versus functional diversity differed. The bryophyte Bryum weigelii and the chironomid larva Paratrichocladius skirwithensis best indicated taxonomic diversity, whereas the isopod Asellus aquaticus and the chironomid Macropelopia spp. were the best surrogates of functional diversity. In a scoring algorithm for priority‐site selection, taxonomic surrogates performed only slightly better than random selection for all spring‐dwelling taxa, but they were very effective in representing spring specialists, providing a distinct improvement over random solutions. However, the surrogates for taxonomic diversity represented functional diversity poorly and vice versa. When combined with cross‐taxon complementarity analyses, surrogate selection based on statistical modeling provides a promising approach for identifying groundwater‐dependent ecosystems of special conservation value, a key requirement of the EU Water Framework Directive.     

Effects of uncertainty and variability on population declines and IUCN Red List classifications

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria is a quantitative framework for classifying species according to extinction risk. Population models may be used to estimate extinction risk or population declines. Uncertainty and variability arise in threat classifications through measurement and process error in empirical data and uncertainty in the models used to estimate extinction risk and population declines. Furthermore, species traits are known to affect extinction risk. We investigated the effects of measurement and process error, model type, population growth rate, and age at first reproduction on the reliability of risk classifications based on projected population declines on IUCN Red List classifications. We used an age‐structured population model to simulate true population trajectories with different growth rates, reproductive ages and levels of variation, and subjected them to measurement error. We evaluated the ability of scalar and matrix models parameterized with these simulated time series to accurately capture the IUCN Red List classification generated with true population declines. Under all levels of measurement error tested and low process error, classifications were reasonably accurate; scalar and matrix models yielded roughly the same rate of misclassifications, but the distribution of errors differed; matrix models led to greater overestimation of extinction risk than underestimations; process error tended to contribute to misclassifications to a greater extent than measurement error; and more misclassifications occurred for fast, rather than slow, life histories. These results indicate that classifications of highly threatened taxa (i.e., taxa with low growth rates) under criterion A are more likely to be reliable than for less threatened taxa when assessed with population models. Greater scrutiny needs to be placed on data used to parameterize population models for species with high growth rates, particularly when available evidence indicates a potential transition to higher risk categories.     

Major shifts in Amazon wildlife populations from recent intensification of floods and drought

In the western Amazon Basin, recent intensification of river‐level cycles has increased flooding during the wet seasons and decreased precipitation during the dry season. Greater than normal floods occurred in 2009 and in all years from 2011 to 2015 during high‐water seasons, and a drought occurred during the 2010 low‐water season. During these years, we surveyed populations of terrestrial, arboreal, and aquatic wildlife in a seasonally flooded Amazonian forest in the Loreto region of Peru (99,780 km²) to study the effects of intensification of natural climatic fluctuations on wildlife populations and in turn effects on resource use by local people. Shifts in fish and terrestrial mammal populations occurred during consecutive years of high floods and the drought of 2010. As floods intensified, terrestrial mammal populations decreased by 95%. Fish, waterfowl, and otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) abundances increased during years of intensive floods, whereas river dolphin and caiman populations had stable abundances. Arboreal species, including, macaws, game birds, primates, felids, and other arboreal mammals had stable populations and were not affected directly by high floods. The drought of 2010 had the opposite effect: fish, waterfowl, and dolphin populations decreased, and populations of terrestrial and arboreal species remained stable. Ungulates and large rodents are important sources of food and income for local people, and large declines in these animals has shifted resource use of people living in the flooded forests away from hunting to a greater reliance on fish.     

Traps and transformations influencing the financial viability of tourism on private‐land conservation areas

The ability of private conservation organizations to remain financially viable is a key factor influencing their effectiveness. One‐third of financially motivated private‐land conservation areas (PLCAs) surveyed in South Africa are unprofitable, raising questions about landowners’ abilities to effectively adapt their business models to the socioeconomic environment. In any complex system, options for later adaptation can be constrained by starting conditions (path dependence). We tested 3 hypothesized drivers of path dependence in PLCA ecotourism and hunting business models: (H1) the initial size of a PLCA limits the number of mammalian game and thereby predators that can be sustained; (H2) initial investments in infrastructure limit the ability to introduce predators; and (H3) rainfall limits game and predator abundance. We further assessed how managing for financial stability (optimized game stocking) or ecological sustainability (allowing game to fluctuate with environmental conditions) influenced the ability to overcome path dependence. A mechanistic PLCA model based on simple ecological and financial rules was run for different initial conditions and management strategies, simulating landowner options for adapting their business model annually. Despite attempts by simulated landowners to increase profits, adopted business models after 13 years were differentiated by initial land and infrastructural assets, supporting H1 and H2. A conservation organization's initial assets can cause it to become locked into a financially vulnerable business model. In our 50‐year simulation, path dependence was overcome by fewer of the landowners who facilitated natural ecological variability than those who maintained constant hunting rates and predator numbers, but the latter experienced unsustainably high game densities in low rainfall years. Management for natural variability supported long‐term ecological sustainability but not shorter term socioeconomic sustainability for PLCAs. Our findings highlight trade‐offs between ecological and economic sustainability and suggest a role for governmental support of the private conservation industry.