Reductive dechlorination of non-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls by ultraviolet irradiation in alkaline 2-propanol

The photodechlorination pathways of 3,3′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (3,3′,4,5,5′-PentaCB) and the related lower polychlorinated biphenyl congeners irradiated at 254 nm in alkaline 2-propanol were elucidated. Steric effect is the most important factor for controlling the dechlorination pattern of these substrates. Electronic effect also influences the photoreactivity of chlorine substituents.     

萃取比色法测定水中的丁基黄原酸盐

利用萃取比色法测定水中丁基黄原酸盐的含量，发现该方法的灵敏度、准确度和稳定性都可以满足样品分析的要求，并利用不同方法对样品进行比对分析，无明显差异。     

紫外活化甲酸产二氧化碳阴离子自由基还原Cr (VI)的研究

研究高效还原技术是去除废水中Cr（VI）的有效手段,本研究提出了一种新颖有前景的基于紫外（UV）活化甲酸（HCOOH）产还原性二氧化碳阴离子自由基（CO₂^•;-）去除Cr（VI）的方法.通过对比UV、HCOOH、UV/HCOOH三种体系对Cr（VI）还原效率和电子自旋共振（EPR）对体系中自由基的检测研究了其活化原理和还原机制.结果表明UV能显著活化HCOOH产生CO₂^•-（α_H=19.08G,α_N=15.86G,g=2.0036）.此外,试验考察了主要影响因素对Cr（VI）去除效果的影响,包括初始Cr（VI）浓度、甲酸投加量、初始pH值、反应温度、有机污染物以及水中常见阴离子.结果显示当甲酸浓度为40mmol/L,Cr（VI）初始浓度为10mg/L,反应时间在60min内,UV/HCOOH体系对Cr（VI）的去除率能达到100%.在酸性条件下（pH≤3.5）能显著促进Cr（VI）的还原,且Cr（VI）去除效率随着初始HCOOH浓度和反应温度升高而增加.进一步研究表明,该体系下NO₃^-对Cr（VI）的还原有着显著的促进作用,而Cl^-、HCO₃^-和对硝基苯酚（pNP）则有抑制作用.不同温度下Cr（VI）去除率与时间关系的拟合结果表明,当反应时间t³;40min,UV/HCOOH体系去除Cr（VI）过程遵循准一级反应动力学,根据不同温度下对应的反应速率常数k,结合阿伦尼乌斯方程,计算求得准一级反应的活化能为15.9kJ/mol.     

紫外诱变选育高原环境絮凝菌及其絮凝条件优化

为获得耐低温且絮凝优异的絮凝菌,对一株分离得到的絮凝菌进行紫外诱变和5℃低温胁迫培养,并对诱变优势菌进行应用条件优化.结果表明:①原始菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）.②紫外诱变和低温胁迫培养得到的目标诱变菌FB-5对生活污水絮凝率达75.35%,具有良好的遗传稳定性.③单因素试验确定最佳絮凝条件,即絮凝菌投加量为0.90 mL/（50 mL）、pH为7.4、助凝剂加量为1.0 mL/（50 mL）、处理时间为15 min;筛选出影响诱变菌絮凝能力最显著的3个因素为絮凝菌投加量、pH和助凝剂加量;通过Box-Behnken响应面试验得到最佳净化的应用条件,即絮凝菌投加量为0.90 mL/（50 mL）、pH为7.38、助凝剂加量为1.04 mL/（50 mL）.④验证试验确定絮凝率达97.01%,BOD₅、COD_Cr、浊度和色度去除率均达到97%以上,出水水质满足GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准.研究显示,紫外诱变联合低温胁迫技术以及单因素与响应面结合优化絮凝条件可以大幅度提高原始菌株的絮凝能力,低温诱变菌FM-5能使高寒地区城市生活污水中悬浮固体大幅降低,同时去除水体中多种污染物.      

UV-B辐射增强对芦苇生长及生理特性的影响

在UV-B辐射增强条件下,以芦苇为材料,研究了不同辐射梯度对芦苇生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明:与自然光照相比,UV-B辐射增强可显著降低芦苇植株高度、比叶面积、生物量,且高强度辐射处理的影响大于低强度辐射,随辐射时间延长,生物量分配有向地下部分转移的趋势;与自然光照相比,UV-B辐射增强可显著增加芦苇叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT、GR、APX)、抗氧化物质含量(GSH、As A),且随辐射强度增大,MDA含量、酶活性、抗氧化物质含量增强程度加剧,但随辐射时间延长,高辐射处理下,GR酶活显著低于对照,GSH也表现出相应的趋势;UV-B辐射增强条件下,类胡萝卜素含量显著降低,而类黄酮含量较对照组却显著升高,且高强度辐射处理对芦苇叶片紫外吸收物质的影响大于低强度辐射.     

Driving self-regulation and ride service utilization in a multicommunity,multistate sample of U.S. older adults

Objectives: This study examined a multicommunity alternative transportation program available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for any purpose, offering door-through-door service in private automobiles to members who either do not drive or are transitioning away from driving. Specific aims were to describe the characteristics of members by driving status and ride service usage of these members.

Methods: Data came from administrative records maintained by a nonprofit ride service program and include 2,661 individuals aged 65+ residing in 14 states who joined the program between April 1, 2010, and November 8, 2013. Latent class analysis was used to group current drivers into 3 classes of driving status of low, medium, and high self-regulation, based on their self-reported avoidance of certain driving situations and weekly driving frequency. Demographics and ride service use rate for rides taken through March 31, 2014, by type of ride (e.g., medical, social, etc.) were calculated for nondrivers and drivers in each driving status class.

Results: The majority of ride service users were female (77%) and aged 65–74 years (82%). The primary method of getting around when enrolling for the transportation service was by riding with a friend or family member (60%). Among the 67,883 rides given, nondrivers took the majority (69%) of rides. Medical rides were the most common, accounting for 40% of all rides.

Conclusions: Reported ride usage suggests that older adults are willing to use such ride services for a variety of trips when these services are not limited to specific types (e.g., medical). Further research can help tailor strategies to encourage both nondrivers and drivers to make better use of alternative transportation that meets the special needs of older people.     

老化对六六六在土壤中可提取态含量及其生物有效性的影响

用室内模拟试验的方法研究了老化作用对六六六在土壤中可提取态含量变化及其在蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)体内的生物富集规律.结果表明,六六六在土壤中的可提取态含量随着时间延长逐渐降低,下降速率呈现初始较快、而后减慢的趋势.在开始60 d老化时间内,α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六和δ-六六六在土壤中的老化减少量是其初始添加量的57.2%、50%、52.2%和43.2%,分别是其在180 d内老化减少量的90.5%、87.4%、72.4%和84.4%.六六六在蚯蚓体内的生物富集量和生物富集系数也表现出和老化相似的规律.不同老化时间内,六六六在蚯蚓体内的生物富集量表现为α-六六六>β-六六六>δ-六六六>γ-六六六.生物富集系数在开始的15 d为γ-六六六>α-六六六>β-六六六>δ-六六六;而后呈α-六六六>β-六六六>acillus cereus efficiently debγ-rominated and degrade-六六六>δ-六六六的规律.老化使六六六在土壤中的可提取态含量和生物有效性降低,但仍可以在蚯蚓体内有一定的生物富集,对土壤生态安全的威胁依然存在.     

Influences of working pressure on properties for TiO2 films deposited by DC pulse magnetron sputtering

TiO2 films were deposited at room temperature by DC pulse magnetron sputtering system.The crystalline structures,morphological features and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD),atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometer,respectively.The results indicated that the working pressure was the key deposition parameters influencing the TiO2 film phase composition at room temperature,which directly affected its photocatalytic activity.With increasing the working pressure,the target self-bias decreases monotonously.Therefore,low temperature TiO2 phase (anatase) could be deposited with high working pressure.The anatase TiO2 films deposited with 1.4 Pa working pressure displayed the highest photocatalytic activity by decomposition of Methyl Orange solution,which the degradation rate reached the maximum (35%) after irradiation by ultraviolet light for 1 h.     

紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性及其评价方法

随着紫外线消毒技术应用的日益广泛,污水紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性值得关注。文章综述了光复活的机理、具有光复活能力的微生物种类、影响光复活的因素以及光复活的评价方式等,以期为系统研究光复活提供参考。具有复活能力的微生物种类较多,主要和体内所含光复活酶相关。影响光复活的因素涉及微生物、污水特性、紫外线系统及光复活条件四方面。评价光复活的方式至今没有统一标准。光复活及其对污水消毒的影响有待进一步深入研究。     

UV/H2O2法处理焦化废水的试验研究

焦化废水是一种典型的成分复杂的难降解有机废水。实验利用UV／H2O2法对焦化废水的处理进行研究,探讨了不同反应时间、H2O2投加量、pH值等因素对COD去除率及色度降解效果的影响。结果表明．废水起始COD质量浓度为1334mg几时,H2O2投加浓度为45mmol/L,pH值=11,紫外灯照射60min,COD去除率可达70％以上;随着H2O2投加量的增加以及pH值的升高,污水的色度明显降低。