过滤式碳纤维电极消毒效果比较与机理研究

过滤式电极消毒作为一种安全、高效的新型消毒技术备受关注,然而目前使用的电极材料比较单一,且稳定性和高效性难以兼备,制约了该技术的设备化发展.本文采用过滤式消毒方式,考察了几种高孔隙率的导电碳纤维毡的消毒效果.结果表明,碳纤维毡电极具有优异的消毒能力,活性碳纤维电极可在几伏的电压下使细菌死亡,与传统电化学消毒相比,电压降低了1~2个数量级.其中A-PCF(聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维)电极在外接电压2 V,水力停留时间2 s时即可对大肠杆菌菌液实现6.5log的去除.当外接电压≤2 V时,流出物中未检测到氯,pH保持不变,排除了电化学产物的影响.A-PCF可作为过滤式电极消毒的优选电极材料.     

UV-B辐射增强对芦苇生长及生理特性的影响

在UV-B辐射增强条件下,以芦苇为材料,研究了不同辐射梯度对芦苇生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明:与自然光照相比,UV-B辐射增强可显著降低芦苇植株高度、比叶面积、生物量,且高强度辐射处理的影响大于低强度辐射,随辐射时间延长,生物量分配有向地下部分转移的趋势;与自然光照相比,UV-B辐射增强可显著增加芦苇叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT、GR、APX)、抗氧化物质含量(GSH、As A),且随辐射强度增大,MDA含量、酶活性、抗氧化物质含量增强程度加剧,但随辐射时间延长,高辐射处理下,GR酶活显著低于对照,GSH也表现出相应的趋势;UV-B辐射增强条件下,类胡萝卜素含量显著降低,而类黄酮含量较对照组却显著升高,且高强度辐射处理对芦苇叶片紫外吸收物质的影响大于低强度辐射.     

饮用水中卤乙腈(HANs)类消毒副产物研究现状与进展

对国内外饮用水中HANs类消毒副产物检测方法、生成的影响因素及毒理学试验的研究进展与现状进行了调查和分析,探讨了其存在于饮用水中可能导致的人体健康危害。结果表明,饮用水中HANs类消毒副产物普遍存在,而且HANs消毒副产物比常规消毒副产物(三卤甲烷、卤乙酸等)具有更强的三致效应、生殖发育毒性、基因和细胞毒性,通过饮水摄入人体,对健康造成潜在危害。HANs的检测、人体健康风险评价和控制是今后的研究重点。     

加氯消毒过程中纯细菌物质生成消毒副产物研究

按照UFC方法对水体中3种常见细菌Acinetobacter junii、Staphylococcussciuri和Escherichia coli进行纯细菌加氯消毒处理,同时考察水中溴离子对纯细菌物质生成DBPs的影响.结果表明,3种细菌均为DBPs前体物,加氯消毒生成的DBPs除水合三氯乙醛(CHD)外,生成的三卤甲烷(THMs)物质主要为氯仿(TCM),卤乙腈(HANs)物质主要为二氯乙腈(DCAN).氯仿的生成量与细菌物质TOC浓度无明显关系,但HANs和CHD生成量均随细菌TOC浓度增大而增加.其中革兰氏阳性细菌Staphylococcus sciuri生成的DCAN和CHD比革兰氏阴性细菌Acinetobacter junii和Escherichia coli生成的要高,说明细胞壁的化学组分可能是DCAN和CHD生成的影响因素之一.Escherichia coli细菌反应液中溴离子(Br-)存在时,除生成CHD、TCM及DCAN外,THMs和HANs中的溴代种类CHBr3随Br-增多而持续增加,相反TCM持续减少.当Br-浓度为4mg.L-1时,TBM浓度增至最高127.9μg.L-1;HANs和CHD生成量随Br-浓度增加先有所增加,随后持续降低至低于检测限;Br离子存在时THMs为主要DBPs种类.     

Influences of working pressure on properties for TiO2 films deposited by DC pulse magnetron sputtering

TiO2 films were deposited at room temperature by DC pulse magnetron sputtering system.The crystalline structures,morphological features and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD),atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometer,respectively.The results indicated that the working pressure was the key deposition parameters influencing the TiO2 film phase composition at room temperature,which directly affected its photocatalytic activity.With increasing the working pressure,the target self-bias decreases monotonously.Therefore,low temperature TiO2 phase (anatase) could be deposited with high working pressure.The anatase TiO2 films deposited with 1.4 Pa working pressure displayed the highest photocatalytic activity by decomposition of Methyl Orange solution,which the degradation rate reached the maximum (35%) after irradiation by ultraviolet light for 1 h.     

紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性及其评价方法

随着紫外线消毒技术应用的日益广泛,污水紫外线消毒后微生物的光复活特性值得关注。文章综述了光复活的机理、具有光复活能力的微生物种类、影响光复活的因素以及光复活的评价方式等,以期为系统研究光复活提供参考。具有复活能力的微生物种类较多,主要和体内所含光复活酶相关。影响光复活的因素涉及微生物、污水特性、紫外线系统及光复活条件四方面。评价光复活的方式至今没有统一标准。光复活及其对污水消毒的影响有待进一步深入研究。     

两点短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺研究

基于顺序氯化消毒工艺的原理,采用两点短时游离氯后转氯胺的两点顺序氯化消毒工艺,即在过滤和清水池前的两点分别加氯,并在清水池加氯后立即加氨转化为氯胺消毒的工艺,该工艺在常规处理工艺的给水厂进行了消毒试验.结果表明,加氯点的适当提前,不仅有利于控制消毒副产物的生成量,而且有效抑制了滤池中的生物膜滋生.两点顺序氯化消毒工艺中生成的卤代消毒副产物比相同条件下一次性加入等量的氯消毒剂的消毒方法产生的三卤甲烷(THMs)平均减少了51.6％,卤乙酸(HAAs)平均减少了46.7％.细菌学指标HPC的结果也显示出了该工艺在保障水质的微生物安全方面的优势.     

UV/H2O2法处理焦化废水的试验研究

焦化废水是一种典型的成分复杂的难降解有机废水。实验利用UV／H2O2法对焦化废水的处理进行研究,探讨了不同反应时间、H2O2投加量、pH值等因素对COD去除率及色度降解效果的影响。结果表明．废水起始COD质量浓度为1334mg几时,H2O2投加浓度为45mmol/L,pH值=11,紫外灯照射60min,COD去除率可达70％以上;随着H2O2投加量的增加以及pH值的升高,污水的色度明显降低。     

污水处理中紫外消毒效果的研究

紫外消毒技术相对于氯化法消毒,能够快速、有效地去除污水中粪大肠杆菌,操作简单方面,无副产物生成,对周围环境和人员安全可靠,在中国许多污水处理厂都已取代氯化法消毒并广泛应用。阐述了紫外消毒和微生物光复活现象的原理,并通过大量试验来研究紫外消毒技术去除粪大肠杆菌的效果,及经紫外消毒后出水中粪大肠杆菌光复活现象对紫外消毒效果的影响,提出可采用出水避光排放、增加紫外照射剂量、延长照射时间等方法来控制微生物光复活现象。     

Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are strong hepatotoxins and classified as possible carcinogens.MCs pose a considerable threat to human health through tainted drinking and surface waters.Herein filtrated water from a waterworks in Harbin,China,was spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) extracted from a toxic scum of microcystis aeruginosa,and the spiked sample waters were treated using UV irradiation with consequent ozonation process (UV/O3),compared with ozonation at a dose range commonly applied in water treatment plants,UV irradiation at 254 nm and UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV+O3),respectively.The remaining of toxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and also determined using a protein phosphatase type 2A inhibition assay,which was utilized to evaluate the reduction in toxicity.Results indicated that in comparison to other three processes (O3,UV,and UV+O3),UV/O 3 process could effectively decrease both the concentration and toxicity of MC-LR at 100 μg/L level after 5 min UV irradiation with consequent 5 min ozonation at 0.2 mg/L (below 1 μg/L),while 0.5 mg/L ozone dose was required for the level below 0.1 μg/L.The addition of an UV treatment step to the existing treatment train may induce significant transformation of micropollutants and breaks down the natural organic matters into moieties unfavorable for ozone decomposition,stabilizing the ozone residual.These findings suggested that sequential use of UV and ozone may be a suitable method for the removal of these potentially hazardous microcystins from drinking water.