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221.
222.
Trends of the sunshine duration and diffuse radiation percentage on sunny days in urban agglomerations of China during 1960–2005 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The long-term observational data of sunshine duration (SD) and diffuse radiation percentage (defined as diffuse solar radiation/total solar radiation, DRP) on sunny days during 1960–2005 were analyzed in 7 urban agglomerations and the whole of China. The results show that the sunny sunshine duration (SSD) has decreased significantly except at a few stations over northwestern China in the past 46 years. An obvious decrease of the SSD is found in eastern China, with the trend coefficients lower than − 0.8. Accompanied by the SSD decline, the sunny diffuse radiation percentage (SDRP) in most stations shows obvious increasing trends during the 46 years. The averaged SDRP over China has increased 2.33% per decade, while the averaged SSD shows a decrease of − 0.13 hr/day per decade. The correlation coefficient between SDRP and SSD is − 0.88. SSD decreased over urban agglomerations (small to large city clusters) in the past 46 years, especially in large cities and medium cities, due to the strong anthropogenic activities and air pollution represented by aerosol option depth (AOD) and tropospheric column NO2 (TroNO2). On the regional scale, SSD has an opposite trend from SDRP during 1960 to 2005, and the variation trends of regional mean values of SSD and SDRP in southeastern China are more pronounced than those in northwestern China. 相似文献
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224.
城区中全户内变电站电磁辐射环境影响分析研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
全户内变电站是将主变压器、电容器组、GIS及配电柜等电气设备布置于户内,此类变电站能有效减少电磁波往外辐射,减少对周围环境的电磁辐射影响。某市110 kV广场变电站为典型的城区中全户内变电站,通过电磁环境监测,得出变电站站界工频电场强度测量值范围为1.96 V/m~22.7 V/m,磁感应强度测量值范围为0.03μT~0.22μT,变电站主变一侧围墙外70 m范围内工频电场强度为1.91 V/m~12.8 V/m,磁感应强度为0.02μT~0.22μT。变电站围墙外20 m处0.5 MHz频率下无线电干扰值为35.40 dB(μV/m)。测量结果表明,全户内变电站围墙外的工频电、磁场强度和无线电干扰值远远低于中国环境标准中推荐的居民区的场强限值,即电场4 kV/m,磁感应强度0.1 mT,无线电干扰46 dB(μV/m)。该变电站围墙外的电磁辐射已接近环境本底水平,对周边环境的影响很小。 相似文献
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226.
Heather E. Henneman Heinz G. Stefan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(6):1487-1494
ABSTRACT: In order to obtain total short-wave albedos of snow and ice, both incident and reflected solar radiation were measured over a frozen lake surface using two different types of radiation measurement devices: a Kipp and Zonen thermopile pyranometer with a spectral sensitivity of 300 to 2800 nm and a LI-COR photovoltaic pyranometer with a spectral sensitivity of 400 to 1100 am. The spectral response of the LI-COR pyranometers limits its use as a short-wave radiation measurement device. Therefore, two equations were developed to adjust both the daily incident radiation data and the daily reflected radiation data measured by the LI-COR instrument to total short-wave radiation values, i.e., to the waveband of 300 to 2800 nm (visible to near-infrared spectrum). The LI-COR data were then adjusted, and a total short-wave adjusted albedo was calculated with a modeling efficiency of 0.97. 相似文献
227.
成都冬季典型辐射逆温过程分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文利用测温声雷达的探测结果,借助同期探空和地面观测资料,分析了成都平原典型辐射逆温的生消演变规律,指出了其主要特征。这些结果对气候资源利用、污染气象条件的研究等具有重要意义。 相似文献
228.
本文讨论了将硫酸亚铁剂量计和铜-铁剂量计用于强脉冲混合辐射场测定的实验设计,利用直径220毫米的聚乙烯球,将硫酸亚铁剂量计的快中子响应降低到20%以下,由它和完全暴露在中子、γ混合场中的硫酸亚铁剂量计响应之差,测量中子吸收剂量。这种方法两次实际用于强脉冲混合辐射场中子、γ吸收剂量测量,得到的结果和热释光剂量计、固体径迹探测器的测量结果进行了比较,在±25%的误差范围内一致 相似文献
229.
Bruce P. Van Haveren Eugene E. Farmer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(6):1250-1252
Evaporation was measured from a circular evaporation pan, 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep. The pan was insulated on the sides and bottom using 2 inches of freon-blown polyurethane foam. A U.S. Weather Bureau Class A evaporation pan was used to obtain reference evaporation measurements. Water evaporation from the Class A pan and the insulated pan were highly correlated. Using a water-methanol mixture, the insulated pan may be operated at temperatures below 32 F; the equivalent liquid water evaporation may be determined using a regression equation. 相似文献
230.
Influence of Geoengineered Climate on the Terrestrial Biosphere 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Various geoengineering schemes have been proposed to counteract anthropogenically induced climate change. In a previous study, it was suggested that a 1.8% reduction in solar radiation incident on the Earths surface could noticeably reduce regional and seasonal climate change from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). However, the response of the terrestrial biosphere to reduced solar radiation in a CO2-rich climate was not investigated. In this study, we hypothesized that a reduction in incident solar radiation in a Doubled CO2 atmosphere will diminish the net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems, potentially accelerating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. We used a dynamic global ecosystem model, the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), to investigate this hypothesis in an unperturbed climatology. While this simplified modeling framework effectively separated the influence of CO2 and sunlight on the terrestrial biosphere, it did not consider the complex feedbacks within the Earths climate system. Our analysis indicated that compared to a Doubled CO2 scenario, reduction in incident solar radiation by 1.8% in a double CO2 world will have negligible impact on the NPP of terrestrial ecosystems. There were, however, spatial variations in the response of NPP-engineered solar radiation. While productivity decreased by less than 2% in the tropical and boreal forests as hypothesized, it increased by a similar percentage in the temperate deciduous forests and grasslands. This increase in productivity was attributed to a 1% reduction in evapotranspiration in the Geoengineered scenario relative to the Doubled CO2 scenario. Our initial hypothesis was rejected because of unanticipated effects of engineered solar radiation on the hydrologic cycle. However, any geoengineering approaches that reduce incident solar radiation need to be thoroughly analyzed in view of the implications on ecosystem productivity and the hydrologic cycle. 相似文献