不同暴露途径下有机污染物对大鼠急性毒性的相关性研究

不同暴露途径下有机物在生物体内的吸收分布不同,导致毒性效应亦不同,研究化学品在不同暴露途径下对生物体的毒性,对化学品的安全性评价有实际意义。本文通过研究静脉注射、腹腔注射、肌肉注射与经口灌胃4种暴露途径下527个有机物对大鼠的急性毒性数据相关性,比较了不同暴露途径下大鼠对有机污染物的敏感度顺序,结果为:静脉注射>腹腔注射>肌肉注射>经口灌胃途径,静脉注射途径下log1/LD50与其他几种注射途径下的log1/LD50有较显著的相关性,但是与灌胃途径下毒性值之间的相关性较差,相关系数r的范围为0.82~0.97。通过逐项分析研究不同暴露途径下化合物对大鼠的急性毒性与生物利用度、吸收速率、消除速率以及代谢过程的关系,结果表明,导致这种差异的原因主要是有机污染物在大鼠体内的吸附动力学过程不同所致。     

Intestinal absorption of the acetamiprid neonicotinoid by Caco-2 cells: Transepithelial transport,cellular uptake and efflux

The human intestinal absorption of acetamiprid (AAP) using the Caco-2 cell line reveals that AAP flux was active in a bidirectional mode with an apparent permeability coefficient of 26^.10^?6 cm·s^?1 at 37°C. Apical uptake was concentration-dependent and unsaturated for AAP concentrations up to 200 μ M. AAP cell preloading demonstrated the involvement of active transport mechanisms. Arrhenius plot analysis revealed an unusual profile with two apparent activation energies suggesting two transport processes. Uptake Vi studies indicated the involvement of a sodium-dependent transporter, the presence of a common transporter of AAP and nicotine and the involvement of Ti-sensitive ATP-dependent efflux transporters. Apical efflux investigations showed the involvement of inward active transporter(s). Whereas vincristine had no effect on intracellular accumulation, taxol and daunorubicin treatments unexpectedly led to 10% and 23% reductions respectively, suggesting that the latter shared a common inward transporter with AAP. All these results suggest full and express AAP absorption in vivo with transport involving both inward and outward, passive and active mechanisms. Thus, AAP or its metabolites could be representative of a risk for human health after its ingestion in food.     

侧吸导烟技术的经济性分析

介绍了侧吸导烟技术的技术背景,分析计算了焦炉装煤烟尘成分及含量,经对该技术的经济效益进行概算后显示,该技术可以有效改善焦炉区及周边环境,每年还可创造可观的经济效益,是一项值得研究推广的技术。     

无硫膨胀石墨的制备及吸油性能

通过单因子实验考察了无硫膨胀石墨制备过程中氧化剂及插层剂用量、氧化反应及插层反应时间、氧化反应及插层反应温度对无硫膨胀石墨膨胀体积的影响。通过正交实验确定了制备无硫膨胀石墨的最优条件是:石墨(g)∶浓硝酸(mL)∶30%H2O2(mL)∶乙酸酐(mL)=1∶2.25∶0.25∶0.6,在30℃条件下氧化反应60 min,加入插层剂后在60℃条件下插层反应90 min,此条件无硫膨胀石墨的膨胀体积达317 mL/g使用XPS、FT-IR、XRD和SEM对无硫膨胀石墨进行了表征并对其吸油性能和再生性能进行了研究。结果表明,所制备无硫膨胀石墨对原油和柴油的最大吸附量分别为66.3 g/g和62.7 g/g。吸附原油后的无硫膨胀石墨抽滤再生后首次再生率为49.1%,原油的回收率为64.5%。     

环丁砜-哌嗪溶液吸收烟道气中二氧化碳

采用搅拌实验装置,研究环丁砜溶液及不同配比的环丁砜-PZ复合溶液对烟道气中二氧化碳的吸收和解吸性能,揭示了吸收容量与酸碱度、时间之间的内在联系,并对CO2初始逸出温度、试液再生温度、试液再生率、再生pH下降率进行了细致记录分析。实验结果表明,环丁砜-PZ复合溶液配比为0.4∶0.6时:吸收效果最佳,吸收量约为0.126 mol;再生温度最高,为105℃;再生率最高,为90.34%。同时与相同配比的MEA、DEA相比具有较大再生优势。实验结果还表明,环丁砜-PZ复合体系之间存在负交互作用。     

旋转填料床/柠檬酸盐法吸收-解吸SO2

提出采用旋转填料床结合柠檬酸盐法脱除烟气中SO2的方法,考察了旋转填料床转子转速、液气比、初始柠檬酸根浓度和初始pH值等因素对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,采用超重力法超重机转子转速为1 000 r/min、液气比为7L/m3、初始柠檬酸根浓度为1.5 mol/L、吸收液的初始pH值为5.0,脱硫效率稳定在99%左右。研究了水蒸气汽提法解吸SO2时初始柠檬酸根浓度、初始pH值、SO2浓度、富液流量和水蒸气流量对解吸效率的影响,得出了影响SO2解吸率的基本规律,并进行了分析。通过实验证明该方法在技术上是可行的,具有良好的应用前景。     

Fe3O4/Ag磁性纳米颗粒去除水中的铅离子

采用水相共沉淀法制备小尺寸磁性Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒,以没食子酸作为还原剂和表面修饰剂,还原Ag[(NH₃)₂]⁺制备出Fe₃O₄/Ag磁性纳米颗粒。研究该磁性纳米颗粒对水溶液中铅离子的吸附行为,研究结果表明,pH为7.0,吸附温度30℃时可得到最好的处理效果,铅的去除率可达99.7%以上,Fe₃O₄/Ag颗粒吸附行为符合二级动力学模型(R² > 0.99)。该磁性纳米颗粒经过多次再生处理后,仍具有很好的吸附效果,表明Fe₃O₄/Ag在水处理方面拥有良好的应用前景。     

Measurements of surface contamination of spray equipment with pesticides after various methods of application

Abstract

A traditional method to determine operator dermal exposure is to quantify the amount of pesticide coming into contact with specific body regions and then to integrate the deposition density values with the total body surface. It is known that extremely high deposition values may occur in the hand region; however, the source of contamination is generally assumed to be direct splash or contact with the pesticide container. One of the parameters affecting operator/pilot exposure could be the transfer of pesticide residue, particularly in the case of pesticides with a longer half‐life, from contaminated surfaces of spray equipment by direct contact over extended periods. If the rate of skin absorption of pesticide is readily known, the expected values of daily dose for an operator or pilot may significantly rise due to the extended contact period. This study produced field data on the surface contamination of spray equipment used for ground and aerial applications. If field data on precise work practice (time‐motion) observations are incorporated, it may be possible to estimate the potential exposure of operator/pilot due to hand contact with contaminated surfaces.     

正交试验-硝酸微波消解-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中汞

应用硝酸微波消解土壤样品-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中的汞。通过正交试验,优化了土壤中汞的微波消解条件。并对干扰消除、方法精密度、加标回收、检出限进行了试验研究。在0～10μg／L范围内线性关系良好,方法测定下限为0．20μg／L,土壤中汞的检出限为0．005μg／g。该优化条件对汞含量为0．02—0．46μg／g的土壤样品,汞提取完全。建立了一种简便、成本低、干扰少、灵敏度高的方法。     

钢渣掺量对泡沫混凝土砌块性能的影响

泡沫混凝土是一种环保、节能的保温隔热材料,以其优良的保温性能,受到越来越多研究者的关注。对钢渣的特性进行了分析测试,对钢渣不同掺量对泡沫混凝土砌块特性的影响进行了研究,结果表明,采用添加5％～35％钢渣所制备的钢渣泡沫混凝土砌块,其密度等级为JC／T1062—2007中的B10级,掺人5％、15％钢渣的泡沫混凝土抗压强度达到A3．5等级,掺人25％、35％钢渣的泡沫混凝土抗压强度达到A2．5等级。随着钢渣掺量的增大,抗压强度、抗折强度降低,吸水率增大。在同一钢渣掺量的情况下,泡沫混凝土砌块的抗压强度变化率增加显著,而且随着钢渣的加入量升高而增大。钢渣的加入有利于提高泡沫混凝土砌块的后期抗压强度。