岗南水库沉积物间隙水有色溶解有机物的时空分布特征及差异分析

有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)作为溶解性有机物的重要组分,影响着水体中污染物质的形态特征和迁移转化过程.本研究运用紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis)以及三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC),对岗南水库自入库河口到坝前主库区四季演变过程中沉积物间隙水CDOM的分布、光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明,岗南水库沉积物间隙水CDOM的相对浓度a₂₅₄、a₂₆₀、a₂₈₀和a₃₅₅存在显著的季节差异,并且相对浓度大小为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;沉积物间隙水CDOM的E2/E3、E3/E4、E4/E6以及S_R存在显著的季节差异,呈现冬季高夏季低的特征;秋冬季的E2/E3以及E3/E4明显高于春夏季,并且秋冬季的E3/E4大部分均大于3.5,表明秋冬季沉积物间隙水CDOM具有更小的分子量和更低的腐殖化程度;三维荧光光谱通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸(C1)、短波类富里酸(C2)和降解的腐殖类物质(C3),并且3种荧光组分间具有显著...     

雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期水体溶解性有机物的空间分布、光谱特征及来源解析

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)以及紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期不同特征区域水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的空间分布、光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明,冬季冰封期白洋淀水体DOM吸收系数无特征峰,不同特征区域的差异显著;表层水体DOM与底层水体DOM的吸收系数差异不明显;冰封期白洋淀水体的E3/E4均大于3. 5,说明DOM以低腐殖质成分为主,E2/E3为6. 35±0. 72,表明DOM中小分子量的居多,而且SR为1. 33±0. 14均大于1,显示DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸(C1)、类色氨酸(C2)和陆源腐殖质(C3);对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示C1与C2之间具有显著的相关性(P <0. 001);白洋淀各个特征区域间的DOM总荧光强度和各荧光组分荧光强度呈现显著的差异(P <0. 01); DOM的总荧光强度以及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出唐河入淀口高、烧车淀低的特征,C1+C2是DOM的主要成分;冰封期白洋淀水体的DOM生物源指数(BIX)为1...     

Turbulence Perturbations in the Neutrally Stratified Surface Layer due to the Interaction of a Katabatic Flow with a Steep Ridge

Turbulence measurements were performed in Antarctica, on the Nansen Ice Sheet, dominated by westerly katabatic winds. The measurements were taken at two sites aligned with the katabatic wind fall-line. The measuring stations were located in the middle of a wide, flat iced area at a distance of 14 km from the base of a sloping surface and at the top of a steep ridge (Inexpressible Island). The aim was to investigate the perturbation of turbulence close to the ground generated by the interaction of the flow with the ridge. We present an analysis comparing the data measured at the upstream unperturbed station with those at the top of the obstacle. Moments and spectra of velocity components have been calculated for almost steady periods. The topography and roughness change produce a combined effect on the flow acceleration (of the opposite sign) and on the turbulent stresses (of the same sign). Spectra of velocity components measured at the top of the ridge and scaled by unperturbed quantities evidence an increment of energy in the high frequency subrange with respect to the up-stream flow. Moreover, the horizontal velocity components display a shift in turbulence maximum towards higher frequencies. The vertical velocity spectrum exhibits an energy increment at low frequencies with respect to the upstream spectrum.     

Lag Effects in the Impacts of Mass Coral Bleaching on Coral Reef Fish, Fisheries, and Ecosystems

Abstract:  Recent episodes of coral bleaching have led to wide-scale loss of reef corals and raised concerns over the effectiveness of existing conservation and management efforts. The 1998 bleaching event was most severe in the western Indian Ocean, where coral declined by up to 90% in some locations. Using fisheries-independent data, we assessed the long-term impacts of this event on fishery target species in the Seychelles, the overall size structure of the fish assemblage, and the effectiveness of two marine protected areas (MPAs) in protecting fish communities. The biomass of fished species above the size retained in fish traps changed little between 1994 and 2005, indicating no current effect on fishery yields. Biomass remained higher in MPAs, indicating they were effective in protecting fish stocks. Nevertheless, the size structure of the fish communities, as described with size-spectra analysis, changed in both fished areas and MPAs, with a decline in smaller fish (<30 cm) and an increase in larger fish (>45 cm). We believe this represents a time-lag response to a reduction in reef structural complexity brought about because fishes are being lost through natural mortality and fishing, and are not being replaced by juveniles. This effect is expected to be greater in terms of fisheries productivity and, because congruent patterns are observed for herbivores, suggests that MPAs do not offer coral reefs long-term resilience to bleaching events. Corallivores and planktivores declined strikingly in abundance, particularly in MPAs, and this decline was associated with a similar pattern of decline in their preferred corals. We suggest that climate-mediated disturbances, such as coral bleaching, be at the fore of conservation planning for coral reefs.     

垃圾填埋场地下水溶解性有机物光谱特征

垃圾填埋为我国垃圾处理的最主要途径,填埋过程中渗滤液的泄漏将导致附近地下水污染.地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)能示踪外来污染物的来源、形态和迁移转化过程,其组成、结构和分布的差异具有重要的环境指示意义.联合现代光谱技术及多元统计分析方法,研究了不同运行年限填埋场地下水中DOM来源、组成和分子结构特征,探究了不同年限地下水DOM动力学演化规律.结果表明,填埋场地下水DOM以微生物来源为主,其次为自生陆源.填埋前期阶段其微生物来源DOM较多,而在填埋后期微生物来源DOM减弱.填埋年限较短的填埋场地下水DOM主要为一些新生成腐殖化程度较低的易降解类色氨酸和类酪氨酸,其促进微生物活性,且各点位差异性较大,应提高预警措施.填埋时间相对较长的填埋场地下水有机质腐殖化率高,难降解的大分子物质累积,微生物活性减弱,填埋垃圾趋向稳定对地下水影响减弱.     

基于野外实测光谱的污灌区土壤重金属污染快速监测

利用光谱反射率反演土壤重金属含量相比传统实验室化学分析方法具有简单高效、成本低、非侵入性等优点。但光谱采集主要局限于实验室内,大大降低了监测的时效性。采集了龙口市污水灌溉区内的32个土壤样本,对9种重金属(Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb)进行了测定,并对土壤光谱进行了野外实测,同时对实测光谱进行光谱变换,提取了去除包络线(CR)、光谱倒数对数(lg(1/R))、一阶微分(RD1)、二阶微分(RD2)4种光谱指标,采用偏最小二乘回归方法(PLSR)建模。结果表明,污水灌溉区内存在严重的土壤重金属污染现象,As、Ni、Cd等重金属富集情况显著,与Fe、Mn呈显著相关的6种元素为Ni、Mn、As、Pb、Zn、Cr,相应的最优建模光谱指标分别为一阶微分(RD1)、二阶微分(RD2)、反射率(R)、反射率(R)、二阶微分(RD2)、去除包络线(CR),验证精度r分别为0.935 3、0.781 4、0.699 6、0.745 8、0.690 1、0.569 6。研究表明,利用野外实测光谱可以提高土壤重金属监测的时效性,预估土壤重金属含量具有一定的可行性,但针对不同的重金属应使用不同的光谱指标建模来达到最优效果。     

MATCHING NATURAL WATER COLORS TO MUNSELL STANDARDS1

ABSTRACT: Color of natural waters strongly influences their aesthetic appeal, suitability for recreational use, and aquatic habitat, but methods for routine specification of color have been lacking. An improved method has been developed for specifying water colors in the field. The water color, seen through an underwater viewer, is matched directly to Munsell standard patches observed simultaneously. The Munsell color-matching method was verified versus measurements of the underwater light field, made with a submersible spectroradiometer in 20 different natural waters in New Zealand (mainly lakes), which varied widely in color and other optical characteristics. Hue, the most important color attribute of natural waters, could be matched accurately; the saturation and brightness less so. Color standard patches are not available covering the full range of typically dark water colors, but fortunately, brightness can be measured with simple submersible light sensors. The Munsell color matching method seems suitable for routine water resources survey and monitoring.     

Mobility of dimethoate residues from spring broccoli field

Dimethoate [O, O-dimethyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl-methyl) phosphorodithioate] is a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide currently used worldwide and on many vegetables in Kentucky. Dimethoate is a hydrophilic compound (log K_OW = 0.7) and has the potential of offsite movement from the application site into runoff and infiltration water. The dissipation patterns of dimethoate residues were studied on spring broccoli leaves and heads under field conditions. Following foliar application of Dimethoate 4E on broccoli foliage at the rate of 0.47 L acre^?1, dimethoate residues were monitored in soil, runoff water collected down the land slope, and in infiltration water collected from the vadose zone. The study was conducted on a Lowell silty loam soil (pH 6.9) planted with broccoli under three soil management practices: (i) soil mixed with municipal sewage sludge, (ii) soil mixed with yard waste compost, and (iii) no-mulch rototilled bare soil. The main objective of this investigation was to study the effect of mixing native soil with municipal sewage sludge or yard waste compost, having considerable amounts of organic matter, on off-site movement of dimethoate residues into runoff and infiltration water following spring rainfall. The initial deposits of dimethoate were 6.2 and 21.4 μ g g^?1 on broccoli heads and leaves, respectively. These residues dissipated rapidly and fell below the maximum residue limit of 2 μ g g^?1 on the heads and leaves after 10 and 14 d, respectively, with half-lives of 5.7 d on broccoli heads and 3.9 d on the leaves. Dimethoate residues detected in top 15 cm of soil (due to droplet drift and wash off residues from broccoli foliage) one day (d) following spraying, were 30.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the sewage sludge treatment, and 46.1 and 134.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the yard waste and no mulch treatments, respectively. Water infiltration was greater from yard waste compost treatment than from no mulch treatment, however concentrations of dimethoate in the vadose zone of the three soil treatments did not differ.     

The contents and forms of solid-phase species of radioactive strontium and cesium in Taiwan soils

This study was to investigate the activities and contents of ¹³⁷Cs in the profiles of selected arable and forest soils in Taiwan and various solid-phase species of ⁸⁵Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in selected arable soils in Taiwan. The gamma (γ) ray spectra of the collected soil samples and some of the soils amended with ⁸⁵Sr and ¹³⁷Cs were measured. The data indicate that the arable soils from Sanhsing series, Sanhsing Township and Chuangwei series, Chuangwei Township, Ilan County, and from Tunglochuan series, Pinglin Township, Taipei County shows significantly higher radioactivity of ¹³⁷Cs (ND − 11.0 ± 0.2 Bq kg⁻¹). Furthermore, the radioactivity of ¹³⁷Cs in the mountain soils (1.24 ± 0.07 − 42 ± 1 Bq kg⁻¹) from Yuanyang Lake Nature Preserve among Ilan, Taoyuan, and Hsinchu Counties is the highest among the investigated mountain forest soils. This may be mainly attributed to the fact that Ilan County is located in the northeastern part of Taiwan and faces the northeastern and northern seasonal winds with lots of precipitation annually from mid-autumn through mid-spring next year and is receiving greater amount of fallouts yearly. Due to longer reaction period (≥3 y) of ¹³⁷Cs with soil components, ¹³⁷Cs was mainly in the forms bound to oxides and to organic matter in the soil amended with ¹³⁷Cs and in the soil contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs. On the contrary, due to shorter reaction period (<60 d) of ⁸⁵Sr with soil components, ⁸⁵Sr was mainly in exchangeable form and partially in the forms bound to carbonates and oxides in the soils amended with ⁸⁵Sr.     

基于三维荧光光谱特征峰的水体有机污染物综合指标检测

对来源不同一的32个水样进行三维荧光光谱的测定,并用5种典型有机物的荧光特征峰A(腐殖酸类)、C(腐殖酸类)、B(络氨酸类)、T1(色氨酸类)、T2(色氨酸类)进行了单一和组合式建模,发现对于来源不同一的水体的总有机含碳量(TOC)、化学耗氧量(COD)的检测采用这种提取特征峰建模的效果并不理想.该研究说明,依据典型特...