污水处理中紫外线消毒技术的研究进展

由于紫外线消毒有着传统液氯消毒无法比拟的优势，因此已经在污水处理中得到了广泛地应用。影响紫外线消毒效果的因素有很多，如紫外剂量、微生物种类、水质参数等。随着紫外线消毒技术的推广，出现了一些紫外线消毒与其他消毒工艺联用的消毒方法。     

污水消毒技术评述

污水消毒技术已经有了一个多世纪的发展,而水资源短缺和水质标准的提高使得人们对污水消毒技术的要求更加严格.传统加氯消毒虽然技术成熟、应用广泛,但由于产生有毒消毒副产物,正逐渐被其他消毒工艺替代,这种趋势在国外尤为明显.本文就目前使用的污水消毒工艺的原理、特点和常用参数作了介绍,同时对目前研究较多的新技术作简要概述,为我国污水消毒技术的改进提供借鉴.     

Absence of status signalling by structurally based ultraviolet plumage in wintering blue tits (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyanistes caeruleus</Emphasis>)

Structurally based ultraviolet (UV)-reflective plumage parts can be important cues in mate choice. However, it remains largely unknown if UV plumage variation can also function as a signal of social status during competitive interactions. In blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), the UV-reflective crown plumage functions as a female mate choice cue that probably indicates male quality, as males with higher UV reflectance have been shown to have better chances of over-winter survival. Possibly, the UV crown plumage acts as a status signal in the competition over scarce food sources during winter. To test this idea, we related dominance of individuals at an artificial food source during adverse winter conditions to spectrophotometric measurements of their crown plumage. However, while controlling for the confounding effects of sex, age, and distance from territory, we found no significant effect of crown UV reflectance on dominance. Consistent with this result, we also found no relation between crown UV reflectance and over-winter survival. We conclude that the structurally based UV reflectance of the blue tit crown feathers plays little role in competition between individuals during winter despite its importance as a cue in mate choice.     

自动搅拌萃取-紫外分光光度法测定常州市城市饮用水水源地石油类

根据《水质石油类的测定紫外分光光度法(试行)》(HJ 970—2018)的要求,以正己烷为溶剂,采用自行设计的搅拌式液液萃取器处理样品,萃取相经硅酸镁吸附脱除极性物质后,用紫外分光光度法测定常州市城市饮用水水源地的石油类指标。结果表明:方法检出限为0.01 mg/L,线性范围为0~16.0 mg/L,相关系数为0.9998,4种不同浓度配制样品测定的相对误差为-15.0%~4.0%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~8.8%。各项技术指标均满足《HJ 970—2018》相关质量控制要求,相比手动萃取-红外分光光度法,自动搅拌萃取-紫外分光光度法能有效提高分析效率和降低职业危害。     

航空活塞发动机点火强度均衡性测试及防火研究

针对磁电机故障和点火电嘴故障会使发动机失去动力引起飞行事故,高压导线破损放电可能导致动力系统起火并引发飞机火灾等安全隐患,利用紫外探测技术和虚拟仪器技术设计了航空活塞发动机点火强度均衡性测试系统,利用该测试系统完成航空活塞发动机点火系统的安全隐患检测。以四缸活塞发动机正常点火、高压导线破损、点火电嘴积碳等三种点火系统作为测试对象,测试发动机在不同转速下各气缸点火电火花紫外辐射强度,用以表征点火能量强度。实测得到,在不同转速下点火电嘴积碳故障都会导致点火强度降低;高压导线破损漏电会同时导致点火能量损失与点火强度不均衡,并且与转速呈正相关。测试结果可为航空活塞发动机点火系统故障排除及发现可能存在的高压导线破损放电电气火灾隐患点提供技术依据。     

Larval performance of the mustard leaf beetle (Phaedon cochleariae, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on white mustard (Sinapis alba) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale) leaves in dependence of plant exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Short-term exposure to ambient or attenuated ultraviolet (UV) radiation resulted in shifts in plant metabolite concentrations of the Brassicaceae Sinapis alba and Nasturtium officinale. Leaf quality also varied between plant species and within species due to age. Larvae of the oligophagous leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae were raised on these different host leaves, in order to investigate the effects of variable plant chemistry on this herbivore. The performance of P. cochleariae was influenced by chemical differences between and within plant species but it responded with high plasticity to plants stressed by ultraviolet radiation. Body mass increase and developmental times of larvae were exclusively affected by plant species and leaf-age. However, developmental differences were fully compensated in the pupal stage. We suggest that the plasticity of herbivores may depend on the degree of specialisation, and insect performance may not necessarily be altered by stress-induced host plants.     

分层型水源水库溶解性有机物性质及其膜污染特性

利用激发-发射矩阵(EEM)荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱研究了深水型水源水库热分层期溶解性有机物(DOM)性质及其膜污染特性随水深的变化.结果表明,水体热分层导致DOM质量浓度和性质也表现出分层特征.变温层受光化学降解影响较大,DOM质量浓度较低,同时受藻类等浮游植物分泌的内源有机物影响,DOM芳香度较低,类富里酸有机物(C1组分)和类腐殖酸有机物(C2组分)荧光强度较低,但类色氨酸有机物(C3组分)荧光强度较高;斜温层DOM受径流输入影响较大,DOM质量浓度和芳香度较高,C1和C2组分荧光强度较高.膜污染方面,变温层DOM造成的总污染最大,但可逆性较好,斜温层和等温层DOM造成的总污染较低,但可逆性较差;对超滤过程中不同荧光组分迁移的分析表明,超滤膜对C3组分截留率较高,但反冲洗对被截留的C3组分去除效果较好,而被膜截留的C1和C2组分较难被反冲洗去除.     

河水紫外线消毒的研究

本文对河水紫外线消毒进行了研究，得到了水的浊度，水层厚度以及辐射时间与总大肠菌群存活率之间的相关关系，试验结果表明，当浊度≤１２度，水层厚度≤７２ｍｍ辐射时间为５分钟时，消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群数≤３个／Ｌ，并且电耗为０．２９ｋｗ／ｍ＾３，该试验结果可作为工程设计的依据。     

盐酸法提取污泥中蛋白质过程的研究

为了探索剩余污泥中蛋白质的提取方法,采用盐酸和氢氧化钠对污泥中蛋白质进行了提取,并对提取液进行了紫外光谱分析。结果证明盐酸提取法更有利于污泥中蛋白质的提取操作,并可以保证蛋白质质量。随后,实验考察了温度、污泥浓度、盐酸浓度以及操作时间对提取液中蛋白质浓度的影响情况。结果表明:蛋白质浓缩随温度呈先慢后快的增加趋势,随污泥浓度呈线性增加趋势,随盐酸浓度呈先快后慢增加趋势,适当延长时间有利于提升提取液中的蛋白质浓度。     

β修正孔雀绿光度法测定工业废水中银

在ｐＨ５醋酸盐缓冲溶液中,银（Ａｇ＾＋）与孔雀绿（ＭＧ）和碘化钾作用生成绿色缔合物。β修正光度法利用该显色反应能完全消除反应体系中过量ＭＧ干扰,计算缔合产物真实吸光度。分析灵敏度、精密度和准确度均比普通单波长光度法有明显提高。结果表明：银浓度０－２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律,方法检出限０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ;废水加标回收率９７．３％－１０７％,相对标准偏差（ＲＳＤ）６．２％。