江苏省节能减排战略研究

江苏省近年经济稳步增长,人民生活水平不断提高,但经济增长的代价是随之增长的能源消耗,导致对资源需求持续增加,对环境的不利影响日益突出,给节能减排工作造成了沉重的压力。在此对江苏省2000年～2006年社会经济发展与节能减排的耦合关系进行了全面分析．重点分析了江苏省经济总量和产业结构与能源消耗和“三废”排放的关联;总结了江苏省的能耗特点和节能减排工作中存在的问题;并根据江苏省千家企业和百家企业的分布以及不同行业“三废”排放量等指标,明确了节能减排工作的区域与行业重点,提出了江苏省的节能减排战略。     

洗浴用小型锅炉的测试与评价

经过多次对煤炭气化高温蒸汽锅炉、型煤锅炉、常压反烧锅炉和蒸汽锅炉等洗浴用小锅炉的测试、分析与评价,确认煤炭气化高温蒸汽锅炉的节能环保指标都比其他锅炉具有显著的优越性。它可以在常压下产生150℃的高温蒸汽,燃烧散煤时其排放的SO2和烟尘都达到国家一级排放标准,锅炉平均热效率可达78.05%,比同吨位的常压热水锅炉和蒸汽锅炉节能30%,比型煤锅炉节能约50%,比燃油锅炉、燃气锅炉、电锅炉节能约60%以上。     

钼矿区污灌菜地土壤重金属污染的生态风险预警评价

通过对钼矿区地下水进行重金属含量分析,发现地下水已受重金属污染。该受污染地下水为矿区菜地唯一灌溉用水。本文研究钼矿区污灌菜地土壤的重金属污染现状及生态风险。选取矿区、尾矿区、选矿区周边菜地的土壤样本60个,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,采用等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AKS）测定土壤样品中Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量,采用生态风险指数进行生态风险预警评价。结果表明：矿区、尾矿区、选矿区周边受污染菜地尾矿区农田土壤的生态风险指数（IER）分别为59．42、80．60、154．83,其预警类型均为重警;污染程度为矿区菜地〈尾矿区菜地〈选矿区菜地。     

Sustainable global energy supply based on lignocellulosic biomass from afforestation of degraded areas

An important aspect of present global energy scenarios is the assumption that the amount of biomass that can be grown on the available area is so limited that a scenario based on biomass as the major source of energy should be unrealistic. We have been investigating the question whether a Biomass Scenario may be realistic. We found that the global energy demand projected by the International Energy Agency in the Reference Scenario for the year 2030 could be provided sustainably and economically primarily from lignocellulosic biomass grown on areas which have been degraded by human activities in historical times. Moreover, other renewable energies will contribute to the energy mix. There would be no competition with increasing food demand for existing arable land. Afforestation of degraded areas and investment for energy and fuel usage of the biomass are not more expensive than investment in energy infrastructure necessary up to 2030 assumed in the fossil energy based Reference Scenario, probably much cheaper considering the additional advantages such as stopping the increase of and even slowly reducing the CO₂ content of the atmosphere, soil, and water conservation and desertification control. Most importantly, investment for a Biomass Scenario would be actually sustainable, in contrast to investment in energy-supply infrastructure of the Reference Scenario. Methods of afforestation of degraded areas, cultivation, and energetic usage of lignocellulosic biomass are available but have to be further improved. Afforestation can be started immediately, has an impact in some few years, and may be realized in some decades. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Coupling effects of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation on the dynamic response of a fixed-roof tank

The occurrence of leakage in large tank farms or oil deposits can lead to fire or explosion accidents. Coupling effects of fire and explosion loadings can cause considerably more damage to adjacent tanks or buildings than either loading individually does. In this study, the combined loadings of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation from a pool fire on a neighboring empty fixed-roof tank were numerically investigated. The effects of the explosion shock wave intensity and relative height of the explosion center [the ratio of the height of the explosion center to the height of the tank (h_r)] were analyzed. The results indicate that tanks damaged by explosion shock waves have decreased fire resistance and critical buckling temperature. Moreover, the thermal buckling deformation of the predamaged tank largely depends on the explosion shock wave. With an increase in the explosion shock wave intensity or a decrease in h_r, the explosion shock wave has greater influence on the fire resistance of the tank, and the critical buckling temperature decreases. This paper can provide an understanding of the dynamics of a tank under explosion shock wave loading, and of the critical failure criterion and failure modes of a target tank under the coupled loading of the explosion shock wave and an adjacent pool fire.     

带肋薄壁钢管混凝土T形柱温度场试验与数值分析

为研究高温下带肋薄壁钢管混凝土T形截面柱温度场的分布规律,采用电热炉进行了温度场试验,进而采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立模型,与试验结果比较,验证模型的可靠性,在此基础上,分析了标准火灾下构件温度分布规律,构件从受火面到构件截面中部,温度逐渐降低,混凝土温度较钢管和钢筋温度明显滞后,且四个阳角温度高于两个阴角温度。在工程常用范围内,分析了受火时间、截面尺寸和加劲肋间距对构件温度场分布的影响,结果表明:随着构件截面尺寸的增大截面温度呈明显降低趋势,随着受火时间的增加钢管温度和混凝土温度呈不同态势增长,而钢筋加劲肋间距变化对温度场影响较小。     

Release and dispersion behaviour of carbon dioxide released from a small-scale underground pipeline

The development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) brings challenges for safety issues regarding carbon dioxide (CO₂) transmission pipelines. Once a pipeline is punctured or full-bore ruptured, the leaked CO₂ is hazardous to personnel and the environment. Small-scale devices were established with the aim of studying the release and dispersion behaviour of gas and liquid CO₂ from a punctured underground pipeline. A sandbox was built to simulate the underground conditions. The parameters of the sand used in the experiments were tested. CO₂ concentrations on the ground and temperatures around the release orifice in the sand were analysed. The results indicate that in the CO₂ gas release experiments, the CO₂ concentration on the sand surface decreases with increasing horizontal distance in the form of a power function. CO₂ concentrations in upward release are slightly larger than those in horizontal release at the same location but are obviously bigger than values in downward release. The temperature-drop region is much smaller than that in air. A frozen ice ball can be generated near the release orifice during the gas phase of the CO₂-release process. In the liquid phase of CO₂-release experiments, a large amount of dry ice is generated near the release orifice. Dry ice can only be generated in the area close to the release orifice, especially in the near-field area.     

Underground parallel pipelines domino effect: An analysis based on pipeline crater models and historical accidents

This paper focuses on the analysis of the possibility of domino effect in underground parallel pipelines relying on historical accident data and pipeline crater models. An underground pipeline can be considered as safe following an accident with an adjacent gas or liquefied pipeline when it remains outside the ground crater generated. In order to prevent the domino effect in these cases, the design of parallel pipelines has to consider adequate pipeline separations based on the crater width, which is one of the widely used methods in engineering applications. The objective of this work is the analysis of underground petroleum product pipelines ruptures with the formation of a ground crater as well as the evaluation of possible domino effects in these cases. A detailed literature survey has been carried out to review existing crater models along with a historical analysis of past accidents. A FORTRAN code has been implemented to assess the performance of the Gasunie, the Batelle and the Advantica crater models. In addition to this, a novel Accident-Based crater model has been presented, which allows the prediction of the crater width as a function of the relevant design pipeline parameters as well as the soil density. Modifications have also been made to the Batelle and Accident-Based models in order to overcome the underestimation of the crater width. The calculated crater widths have been compared with real accident data and the performance evaluation showed that the proposed Accident-Based model has a better performance compared to other models studied in this work. The analysis of forty-eight past accidents indicated a major potential of underground parallel pipelines domino effect which is proven by two real cases taken from the literature. Relying on the investigated accidents, the crater width was smaller than or equal to 20 m in most cases indicating that the definition of underground pipeline separations at around 10 m would be sufficient to ensure a small probability of the domino effect.     

烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉NOx排放扩散迁移规律的影响研究

运用Fluent计算软件对北京市丰台区某燃气锅炉排放烟气中NOx的转化和扩散过程进行了数值模拟,定量地研究了烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉排放NOx在大气中的迁移规律产生的影响,并与Screen 3模型模拟的结果进行了对比.研究发现:烟气深度余热回收技术的应用使NOx的最大落地浓度与烟气直排时相比增加了2.5倍,NOx对本地地表的影响面积增大了15750 m2,增加了本地环境污染的风险.结合燃气锅炉的NOx控制技术提出了缓解局部环境风险的解决方案.结果表明,烟气深度余热回收技术与低氮燃烧技术联用,NOx的控制效率达到70%以上时,在有效提升锅炉热效率的同时,可以缓解由于烟温大幅下降造成的本地环境污染恶化的风险.     

石英灯辐射式瞬态热环境试验关键技术分析

结合石英灯辐射式加热器的特性,从传感器弱信号传输、无功补偿、智能控制、仿形加热器、开环试验技术等角度出发,分析了对型号瞬态热试验性能的影响。结合瞬态热试验的实施,给出了上述几个角度制约热试验实施的改进措施,以期提高试验系统瞬态热试验的有效性。