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231.
232.
Seyed Hashem Mousavi-Avval Shahin RafieeAli Jafari Ali Mohammadi 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(13):1464-1470
This study examines energy use patterns and the relationship between energy inputs and yield for canola production in Golestan province of Iran. Data used in this study were obtained from 130 randomly selected canola farms using a face to face survey. The results revealed that total energy of 17,786.36 MJ ha−1 was required for canola production and fertilizer, diesel fuel and electricity were the main energy consuming inputs. Energy use efficiency and energy productivity were 3.02 and 0.12 kg MJ−1, respectively. Moreover, in specifying a functional relationship the Cobb-Douglas production function was applied and the results showed that machinery, fertilizer, diesel fuel and water for irrigation energies significantly contributed to yield. Also, the marginal physical productivity (MPP) technique was applied to analyze the sensitivity of energy inputs. It was found that, canola production had more sensitivity on machinery, fertilizer and water for irrigation energies; so that an additional use of 1 MJ from each of the machinery, total fertilizer and water for irrigation would lead to an increase in production by 0.93, 0.61 and 0.24 kg, respectively. However, electricity and seed energies were contributed negatively to yield, which may result in inverse effect on yield and impose risks to the environment. 相似文献
233.
BURGER J 《Environmental management》2000,26(5):469-478
With the ending of the Cold War, several federal agencies are reclaiming land through remediation and restoration and are
considering potential future land uses that are compatible with current uses and local needs. Some sites are sufficiently
contaminated that it is likely that the responsible federal agency will retain control over the land for the foreseeable future,
providing them with a stewardship mission. This is particularly true of some of the larger Department of Energy (DOE) facilities
contaminated during the production of nuclear weapons. The use of the term “restoration” is explored in this paper because
the word means different things to the public, ecologists, and environmental managers responsible for contaminated sites,
such as Superfund sites and the DOE facilities. While environmental restoration usually refers to remediation and removal
of hazardous wastes, ecological restoration refers to the broader process of repairing damaged ecosystems and enhancing their
productivity and/or biodiversity. The goals of the two types of restoration can be melded by considering environmental restoration
as a special case of ecological restoration, one that involves risk reduction from hazardous wastes, and by broadening environmental
restoration to include a more extensive problem-formulation phase (both temporal and spatial), which includes the goal of
reestablishing a functioning ecosystem after remediation. Further, evaluating options for the desired post remediation result
will inform managers and policy-makers concerning the feasibility and efficacy of environmental restoration itself. 相似文献
234.
Pyrolysis for the simultaneous generation of oils and gases can be convenient to obtain hydrocarbons and even to recover crude petrochemicals or to generate energy from waste plastics. A Gray–King apparatus has been used to pyrolyze waste polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), both separately and with different compositions. Thermogravimetric analysis of waste plastics indicated the critical temperatures, which should be effective for pyrolysis. The chosen heating rate was low in order to achieve higher liquid yields. The results showed that waste PS yielded higher liquid, and waste PE yielded higher gaseous products. The dominant liquid product of PS waste was styrene whereas for waste PE, prophenylbenzene was the dominant pyrolysis product. 相似文献
235.
Towards a grand deal on subsidies and climate change 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Recent studies have identified public subsidies as a principal cause of unsustainable development. Worldwide, governments are spending up to $U950 billion a year on subsidies. Many of these public subsidies fail to serve their purpose and in fact, often turn out as policy failures as they further distort trade and cause environmental harm. The energy sector is among the most subsidized sectors in the world, receiving over $U240 billion per annum of public subsidies. This article highlights current energy subsidies and their implications. The article examines: (i) the global size and distribution of energy subsidies in industrialized and developing countries; (ii) the impact of these subsidies on the economy, equity and the environment and their role as barriers for sustainable development; (iii) the political economy behind public subsidies and the various political and institutional barriers and lock-in mechanisms that cause subsidies to become entrenched in economic and public structures; and (iv) proposals for effective subsidy reform in energy policies, suggesting a global strategy to eliminate energy subsidies. OECD governments are in a position to take the lead, and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change presents an excellent opportunity of striking a political grand deal and linking the reform of energy subsidies to a meaningful participation of developing countries to the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, if sinks are to be included in the clean development mechanism (CDM), it is crucial to include the removal of forestry subsidies in the grand deal. 相似文献
236.
This study examines and evaluates, by using emergy analysis, the use of environmental resources for wastewater treatment in a Swedish town. Emergy analysis was applied, while it facilitates the comparison of resource use of substantially different kind. In the emergy analysis, all resources are assessed on the basis of the amount of direct and indirect solar energy required in their generation. The study also includes an evaluation of the amount of emergy associated with the production of wastewater. On the basis of our analysis, we suggest that the large amount of emergy that wastewater contains are in proportion to the amount of resources employed for wastewater treatment and the extensive effects on surrounding ecosystems of discharge of untreated wastewater. The use of local renewable natural resources in Swedish municipal wastewater treatment systems is negligible compared with the use of purchased inputs, processed largely with the support of fossil energy. A drastic shift of this order would demand that extensive land areas surrounding human settlements be (indirectly or directly) devoted to wastewater treatment. These areas are not accessible today. Our analysis also indicates that resource requirements from the economy in the production of electricity by the digestion of sewage sludge is about two times the total resource use for generation of the average mix of electricity used in the town. We, therefore, conclude that if the only reason to digest the sludge were to produce electricity, it would be more resource-efficient to purchase the electricity on the Swedish distribution net. Accordingly, there is no resource economy in producing biomass to digest just to increase the energy production at the wastewater treatment plant. 相似文献
237.
Ren Lefebvre Daryl Hockley Jason Smolensky Ann Lamontagne 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2001,52(1-4):165-186
Acid mine drainage (AMD) results from the oxidation of sulfides, mainly pyrite, present in mine wastes, either mill tailings or waste rock. This is the second of two papers describing the coupled physical processes taking place in waste rock piles undergoing AMD production. Since the oxidation of pyrite involves the consumption of oxygen and the production of heat, the oxidation process initiates coupled processes of gas transfer by diffusion and convection as well as heat transfer. These processes influence the supply of oxygen that is required to sustain the oxidation process. This second paper describes a numerical simulator used to represent the interaction of these coupled transfer processes. Numerical simulations are applied to two large sites with extensive characterization programs and widely different properties and behavior that were described in the first paper. The South Dump of the Doyon mine in Canada is permeable and has a high pyrite oxidation rate, thus making temperature-driven air convection the main oxygen supply mechanism. The Nordhalde of the Ronnenberg mining district in Germany contains lower permeability material which is less reactive, thus leading to a more balanced contribution of gaseous diffusion and convection as oxygen supply mechanisms. Overall, simulations allow a coherent representation of the conditions monitored within the waste rock piles and the confirmation of their physical properties. Conceptual simulations are also carried out to illustrate the potential effect of border membranes and layered co-mingling as mitigation methods used to control AMD production in either active or future waste rock piles. 相似文献
238.
Experiments on mixing and dissipation in internal solitary waves over two triangular obstacles 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Chen-Yuan Chen John R.-C. Hsu Ming-Hung Cheng Cheng-Wu Chen 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2008,8(3):199-214
A series of laboratory experiments was undertaken in a stratified two-layer fluid to investigate the energetics of the interaction
between an internal solitary wave (ISW) and triangular obstacles, as well as to determine the partitioning of ISW energy and
its subsequent dynamics. The ISW energy was dissipated as a result of internal breaking and turbulent mixing induced by wave
instability. Tests involving different combinations of triangular obstacles in various heights and intervals and ISW of different
amplitudes were performed. The wave features resulting from the interaction of an ISW and double obstacles were found to differ
from those of single obstacle. The incident energy of an ISW was either reflecting back from the obstacles, dissipated through
turbulent mixing, or transmitted over the double obstacles. Reduction in wave energy increased as the intervals between obstacles
reduced. For two obstacles in different heights, energy dissipation was greater in the case with a higher obstacle ahead of
a lower one. However, the overall performance was dependent on the relative height of the obstacles, relative water depth
of the upper and bottom layer, in addition to the intervals between the obstacles. 相似文献
239.
Batch scale reactions were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of modified low-grade kaolin for the treatment of petroleum
contaminants. Low-grade kaolin, which has been unvalued as material in the mining process because of its low quality for commercial
products, was modified with HDTMA (hexadecyl-trimethylammonium), and its efficiency was compared with that of HDTMA-modified
bentonite, which is used as a secondary containment barrier for underground storage tanks. The sorption capacity and hydraulic
conductivity of both the HDTMA-modified bentonite and low-grade kaolin were investigated and showed distribution coefficients
in the sorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene ranging between 45.7 and 583.7 and 57.0 and 525.1, respectively.
The hydraulic conductivities were 2.53 × 10−8 and 5.62 × 10−8 cm/s for the HDTMA-modified bentonite and low-grade kaolin, respectively. These results suggest that HDTMA-modified low-grade
kaolin could be used as a hydraulic barrier against advection migration of petroleum contaminants. Simulation of the one-dimensional
transport of benzene through a liner made of either one of the compounds was also performed. These results also showed that
HDTMA-modified kaolin more effectively retards the transport of benzene. 相似文献
240.
地下水环境质量评价的一种新方法--集对分析法 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
提出了一种新的地下水环境质量评价模型———集对分析法。该方法是一种处理不确定性问题的理论,其模型数学表达简单,物理意义明确,所含意义深远。研究结果表明:集对分析法简便易行,评价结果准确,在环境质量综合评价中具有广泛的实用价值。 相似文献