中国的环境政策、能源政策和西部大开发

概述了中国环境政策的演变与近年来的重点，分析了中国能源消费的特点与能源政策的走向，讨论了西部大开发的重要性及其两个重点。     

污水处理厂污泥的综合利用

利用普通工业锅炉将消化污泥泥饼与煤制成混合燃料进行焚烧处理 ,提供了混合燃料组份分析及实际运行试验情况 ,得出了切实合理可行的泥煤最佳配比 ,并就产生的社会经济效益和环境效益进行了评估。     

上海地区大气二氧化硫污染的控制对策

上海地区的能源结构以燃煤为主。针对上海的实际和未来的发展态势，为实现２０００年全市二氧化硫排放总量不超过１９９５年水平的目标，就如何削减二氧化硫排放量提出了５个方面的对策建议，阐述了削减二氧化硫的基本技术政策要点和总体方案思路。     

Zebra finches,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Taeniopygia guttata</Emphasis>, with elongated tails delay taking flight during group take-offs

Zebra finches with tail-elongations left perches during induced take-offs consistently later than unmanipulated controls. Latency in take-off was the same for both a short pintail-elongation (27% of finch long-axis) and an extreme pintail-elongation (49% of finch long-axis). There was no evidence for artificial pintails increasing energy expenditure, as predicted by flight aerodynamics models. Neither flight metabolic rate determined using the doubly labelled water technique, nor resting metabolic rate or food intake rates were affected. Hence, the energetic costs of elaborate pintails seem likely to be small and perhaps biologically trivial. In contrast, pintails appear to confer a manoeuvrability cost, as found in previous studies of long tails. Latency in take-off may be induced by an increased risk of collision with conspecifics during group take-offs and landings. Alternatively, latency may represent a change of predator-avoidance strategy, because taking off within the group does not minimise predation risk when handicapped by tail-elongation. The effects of tail-elongation are likely to be context-dependent and may differ between solitary species and more gregarious species that fly or forage in flocks.Communicated by W. Wiltschko     

Automobile recycling in the United States: Energy impacts and waste generation

Changes in the trends in the material composition of domestic and imported automobiles and the increasing cost of landfilling the non-recyclable portion of automobiles (automobile shredder residue or ASR) pose questions about the future of automobile recycling in the United States. In response to these challenges, new and innovative approaches to automobile recycling are being developed. This paper presents the findings of a recent study to examine the impacts of these changes on the life cycle energy consumption of automobiles and on the quantity of waste that must be disposed of. Given the recycle status quo, trends in material composition and the viability of recycling the non-metallic components of the typical automobile are of secondary importance when compared to the energy consumed during the life of the automobile. The energy savings resulting from small changes in the fuel efficiency of a vehicle overshadow potential energy losses associated with the adoption of new and possibly non-recyclable materials. Under status quo conditions, the life cycle energy consumed by the typical automobile is projected to decrease from 599 million Btus in 1992 to 565 million Btus in 2000. Energy consumed during the manufacture of the typical car will increase from about 120 to 140 million Btus between 1992 and 2000, while energy used during vehicle operation will decrease from 520 to 480 million Btus. This study projects that energy saved at the recycle step will increase from 41 million Btus in 1992 to 55 million Btus in 2000. This study also investigated the energy impacts of several potential changes to the recycle status quo, including the adoption of technologies to retrieve the heat value of ASR by incineration and the recycle of some or all thermoplastics in the typical automobile. The study estimates that under optimistic conditions —i.e., the recycling of all thermoplastics and the incineration with heat recovery of all remaining ASR —about 8 million Btus could be saved per automobile —i.e., an increase from about 55 to 63 million Btus. In the more realistic scenario —i.e., the recycling of easy-to-remove thermoplastic components (bumper covers and dash-boards) —the potential energy savings are about 1 million Btus per vehicle. It is estimated that the annual quantity of ASR in the United States could be reduced from about 5 billion pounds to as little as 1 billion pounds of ash if all ASR is incinerated. Alternatively, ASR quantity could be reduced to about 4 billion pounds if all thermoplastics in automobiles are recycled. However, in the case of recycling only thermoplastic bumper covers and dashboards, the quantity of ASR would be reduced by only 0.2 billion pounds. A significant reduction or increase in the size of the ASR waste stream will not in itself have a large impact on the solid waste stream in the United States.     

用地下水资料探讨渭河盆地及周边地区地震形势

本文用陕、甘、宁、青的地下水前兆观测资料，运用异常系列方法的思路，研究了四省区中强地震的中期前兆指标，并进一步探讨了渭河盆地及周边的地震形势。     

热应激与人的行为特性

在许多作业环境中，人们都要受到热应激的作用，热应激不仅能引起不良的生理反应，还会对人的行为特性有不利的影响。人们往往注重于热应激引起的生理反应及生理耐受极限，忽视了它对人的行为特征的影响。本文侧重论述热应激对人的行为影响，以加深了解热应激的作用，为存在热应激的人－机系统设计及改善人－机关系综合措施提供理论依据。     

On the mechanism of the enrichment in radiocesium of near-bottom water in Lake Juodis, Lithuania

Evidence of the thermodynamic origin of a mechanism for radiocesium enrichment of near-bottom water based on the analysis of vertical profiles of standard water variables (pH, temperature, oxygen concentrations and conductivity) in Lake Juodis is presented. This mechanism is shown to be related to disturbances in the thermohalinic stability (buoyancy effects) of sediment interstitial liquids inducing their interfacial transfer. The mechanism reveals itself even in aerobic waters during cooling processes in autumn under weather conditions inducing the formation of a steep temperature gradient in the surface sediments. These gradients may be formed due to intense sediment cooling as well as in cases of cooling interruptions owing to the arrival of warm air masses inducing temperature stratification of the water column. In the latter case, a sharp decrease in the heat flux from sediments through the stagnant water column promotes relative overheating of the sediment surface layer and the consequent initiation of buoyancy forces inducing interfacial transfer of sediment interstitial liquids enriched in dissolved material. Intrusions of interstitial liquids and their vertical thermodynamic transfer through the water column are followed by the formation of a specific vertical structure consisting of a set of evenly mixed water layers which are especially distinctly observable under ice cover in winter. The mechanism is responsible for lake water contamination by radiocesium and other pollutants dissolved in interstitial liquids. The investigation results explain the phenomenon of “super warm” lakes where temperatures of near-bottom waters under ice in winter are higher than 4 °C.     

Reprint of “The future of hydropower in Europe: Interconnecting climate,markets and policies”

Hydropower is very important for electricity supply security in the European inter-connexion as well as for the economy of regions (primarily peripheral) that possess water resources. Its future may however be jeopardized by several factors: climate change, the development of new renewable energy, the creation of super and micro-grids, and progress in power storage technology. Energy and climate policy, as well as electricity market design and dynamics play a pivotal role.This article carries out a comprehensive analysis of all these factors and discusses the future of hydropower. This discussion follows an overview of the present situation and of future drivers. The technical, environmental, economic and political aspects of the problem are analyzed with an interdisciplinary approach. The stakes as well as the uncertainties are highlighted.The conclusion is that hydropower has a promising future, particularly in light of emerging sustainable energy policy, but that the risks should not be overlooked. Academics will find a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of hydropower in this article, whereas public bodies, communities and hydropower companies can identify the strategic variables that should be taken into consideration in the decision making process. The end of water concessions or authorizations is also evoked.     

埋地管道震害的多因素灰色关联分析

根据多次历史地震埋地管道震害调查资料的统计和定性分析，应用灰色系统理论，以管道震害率作为参考数列，以地震烈度、场地类型、管道材料、接口构造和管径尺寸作为比较数列，对埋地管道震害率进行了多因素灰色关联分析，排出了关联序．研究结果客观地揭示出震害率与各影响因素之间的相互关系，为进一步研究理地管道的震害预测方法提供了科学依据．