土壤中不同老化时间的DDT对小麦根系的生物有效性

研究了水、正己烷、正己烷/丙酮ASE对土壤中不同老化时间的DDT的逐级提取量的差别及其与小麦根吸收的关系。结果表明,有机氯的水提量随老化时间增加而下降,正己烷提取量随老化时间增加而下降,正己烷/丙酮提取量随老化时间增加而上升。植物根吸收随老化时间增加而下降。根吸收与水提量没有确定关系,与正己烷提取量具正相关关系,与正己烷/丙酮提取量有负相关关系。正己烷提取量可被作为土壤有机氯DDT的有效态部分。     

Modelling the fate of organic chemicals in the soil plant environment: Model study of root uptake of pesticides

The fate of organic chemicals in the soil-plant-atmosphere environment and the governing processes were studied with a coupled dynamic soil transport and plant compartment model. Scenarios with applications of pesticides on sand and loam soils with chemical uptake in barley and wheat were used in the model calculations. Root uptake and concentrations in the plant compartments stem, leave and fruit were calculated for the pesticides terbuthylazine, isoproturon and carbofuran.

The effectivity of uptake from soils with different soil sorption coefficients had been shown for sand and loam soils. The processes degradation in plant and volatilization from leaves to atmosphere are especially effective for carbofuran and terbuthylazine. Although the concentrations in corn at harvest are lower than the maximum allowed concentrations, the peak concentrations in the course of the vegetation period are significantly higher (factor ≤ 200).     

根系分泌物及其在植物营养中的作用

论述了根系分泌物的种类和影响因素，根系分泌物在植物营养中的调节作用、异种克生作用，根系分泌物与根际微生物的相互作用。在铁胁迫条件下，许多高等植物都能产生一系列生理和形态方面的适应性反应，禾本科植物通过根际特定分泌物——麦根酸类物质来自动调节其体内的铁营养状况；在磷胁迫条件下，根系分泌的低分子有机酸种类主要有柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸，它们在植物根际的富集能明显促进土壤中磷的释放，提高作物对磷的吸收，缓解植物的磷胁迫；在锌胁迫条件下，双子叶植物的根系分泌物对锌的活化作用不明显，而禾本科植物的根系分泌物可以活化石灰性土壤中难溶性锌。     

紫花苜蓿品种间根系发育过程分析

从根系发育角度分析了不同紫花苜蓿品种在甘肃黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的适应性．研究表明：品种间侧根发生总数差异较大，Ameristand201和Sandili均为14个，陇东苜蓿(Longdong)仅为6个，65％的侧根发生于营养生长阶段；品种间主根生长，根系体积、根系生物量的积累在各个生育期的表现分为3种类型，Ameristand201，Sandili，Ameri-graze401在整个生育期内的生长速率较快，且速率基本保持一致；陇东苜蓿，Derby，Sitel在整个生育期内生长速率较慢，但在盛花期(7月中旬)后，生长速率急剧增加；Goldenempress，Defi，Algonqiun介于前两者之间．从根系发育过程分析，Amefistand201，Sandili，Amerigraze401对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的季节性降水反映相对迟钝，在干旱半干旱生境中具有较好的适应性．     

粉葛根腐病的病原鉴定

近年来发现一种严重为害粉葛块根的土传病害。经显微镜直接检查、病原菌分离培养观察、致病性测定及田间病害调查，初步鉴定该病为粉葛镰刀菌根腐病，病原菌为腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani，属半知菌亚门真菌)；该病的发生是由于腐皮镰刀菌与植物线虫复合感染所致。该报道在中国尚属首例。     

The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants

When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate soil, the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the soil is altered. The added carbon stimulates microbial numbers but causes an imbalance in the C:N ratio which may result in immobilization of soil nitrogen by the microbial biomass, leaving none available for plant growth. As members of Leguminosae fix atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own nitrogen for growth, they may prove more successful at growing on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. During a wider study on phytoremediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil, particular attention was given to the performance of legumes versus other plant species. During harvesting of pot experiments containing leguminous plants, a recurring difference in the number and formation of root nodules present on control and contaminated Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants was observed. The total number of nodules per plant was significantly reduced in contaminated plants compared to control plants but nodules on contaminated plants were more developed than corresponding nodules on control plants. Plant performance of Common vetch and Westerwold's ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) was compared to illustrate any difference between the ability of legumes and grasses to grow on diesel fuel contaminated soil. Common vetch was less affected by diesel fuel and performed better in low levels of diesel fuel contaminated soil than Westerwolds ryegrass. The total amount of diesel fuel remaining after 4 months in Common vetch planted soil was slightly less than in Westerwolds ryegrass planted soil.     

汞对蔬菜幼苗生长及氧化酶同工酶的影响

汞是城市污水中的一种主要有毒物,郊区农民常用这种污水灌溉农作物,造成减产。含汞工业污水对水稻、小麦种子萌发、幼苗及胚根生长的毒性影响及体内某些酶的变化已有一些报道,但对蔬菜幼苗期形态变化与体内某些酶变化的关系则很少有人探讨。我们用不同浓度汞溶液处理番茄等6种作物种子,探讨其对幼苗生长的影响及体内氧化酶同工酶变化的关系,为生产上早期检测作物受汞害的程度、选择抗汞害的作物品种提供依据。     

Dynamic temperature model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell using online variations in load current and ambient temperature

This paper presents a dynamic temperature model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. The proposed model overcomes the complexity of conventional models using first-order expressions consisting of load current and ambient temperature. The proposed model also incorporates a PEMFC cooling system, which depends upon the temperature difference between events. A dynamic algorithm is developed to detect load changing events and calculate instantaneous PEMFC temperature variations. The parameters of the model are extracted by employing the lightning search algorithm (LSA). The temperature characteristics of the NEXA 1.2 kW PEMFC system are experimentally studied to validate model performance. The results show that the proposed model output and the temperature data obtained from experiments for linear and abrupt changes in PEMFC load current are in agreement. The root-mean-square error between the model output and experimental results is less than 0.9. Moreover, the proposed model outperforms the conventional models and provides advantages such as simplicity and adaptability for low and high sampling data rates of input variables, namely, load current and ambient temperature. The model is not only helpful for simulations but also suitable for dynamic real-time controllers and emulators.     

菌渣中青霉素对蔬菜种子萌发的生态毒性效应

为推动青霉素菌渣环境安全利用技术规范的建立,以油麦菜、油菜、白菜和生菜4种蔬菜为研究对象,以种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、芽长和根长为毒性敏感指标,研究了不同处理组〔ρ（PG）分别为10、100、200、400、800、1 200、1 600、2 000、2 400、3 200和4 000 mg/L〕和对照组的青霉素（Penicillin,简称“PG”）对4种蔬菜种子萌发的生态毒性响应关系.结果表明:①与对照组相比,各处理组4种蔬菜种子发芽率之间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;当ρ（PG）≥1 200 mg/L时,油菜种子的芽长增长率在60%左右,且与对照组相比具有显著差异（P < 0.05）;在ρ（PG）为200 mg/L时,生菜鲜质量达到最大值（0.29 g）,较对照组增加了10.37%,白菜鲜质量在ρ（PG）为400 mg/L时达到最大值,较对照组增加了5.76%,而在试验浓度范围内,各处理组4种蔬菜种子的根长均随着ρ（PG）的增大表现出逐渐增强的抑制作用.②PG对4种蔬菜的根长抑制率剂量-效应关系均符合Allometric模型,即y=axb〔其中,x为ρ（PG）,y为根长抑制率,a和b均为常数〕.③油麦菜、油菜、白菜和生菜4种蔬菜对PG的根长半抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为1 675.11、995.67、3 736.40和2 510.24 mg/L,4种蔬菜根长抑制率对PG的敏感程度表现为油菜>油麦菜>生菜>白菜（P < 0.05）.研究显示,与油麦菜、白菜和生菜相比,油菜更适合作为PG的生态毒性指示植物.      

Effects of cyanobacteria producing microcystins on seed germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants

The effects of cyanobacteria aqueous extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the seed germination and growth of Pisum sativum, Lens esculenta, Zea mays and Triticum durum were investigated. Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 1.6, 2.9, 5.8, 8.7 and 11.6 μ g MC-LR/mL). The results confirm that these plants were sensitive to cell-free extracts of a toxic Microcystis and that germination inhibition was dose dependent. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that P. sativum is the most sensitive tested species with a 97% germination rate reduction and L. esculenta was the most resistant. At the 8th day, the exposure to the microcystins (MC) resulted in a significant decrease of plant epicotyls length, roots length and a net inhibition of lateral root formation. It is concluded that MC could affect also terrestrial plants seedling germination and growth. Therefore, the use of water for irrigation contaminated by MC could exert negative biochemical effects on seed and plant metabolism which might influence the agricultural crops.