Impacts of pollution heterogeneity on population exposure in dense urban areas using ultra-fine resolution air quality data

Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. Combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) in Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. Citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District Council Constituency Areas (DCCAs) in Hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in Hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities.     

城市住宅小区的环境保护分析--以常州市为例

住宅小区是体现城市可持续发展、实施生态城市建设的重要领域。量化分析表明:常州市住宅小区环境保护的综合水平一般,但新建小区在环境质量和环境建设方面有明显进步,景观建设的水平较好,绿化质量有待提高,选址对小区的环境质量有实质性的影响,城市规划应强化生活功能分区并优化配置资源,小区建设中循环经济的理念薄弱,是小区建设的软肋,节能、节水、垃圾分类收集的水平还很低,小区居民绿色生活的水平也不高。今后,小区循环经济建设和居民绿色生活培养应是重点关注和实践的领域。     

城市污染源空间信息系统及集成模式试验研究

以厦门市为对象开展的城市环境信息系统的试验研究中，基于地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）平台和对象组件，通过建立城市环境空间数据库和污染源监测属性数据库，以及污染源信息管理决策支持系统，实现城市环境污染源空间增减、查询、统计分析的可视化。在分析了城市环境空间数据特点的基础上，提出环境空间信息系统的开发模式，并对应用系统的体系结构和紧密集成模式作了探讨。     

城市道路机动车排放总烃与非甲烷烃的关系

通过在西安城市道路隧道中设三个监测点对进入隧道的机动车排出的总烃（ＴＨＣ）和非甲烷烃（ＮＭＨＣ）浓度进行连续５天采样分析。结果表明城市机动车排放的碳氢化合物以非甲烷烃为主，非甲烷烃占总烃的８２５％，汽车排放ＴＨＣ和ＮＭＨＣ之间有极好的线性相关，用统计回归方法得出了机动车排放总烃和非甲烷烃的换算公式     

Microbiological quality of roof tank water in an urban village in southeastern China

Urban villages are unique residential neighborhoods in urban areas in China. Roof tanks are their main form of water supply, and water quality deterioration might occur in this system because of poor hygienic conditions and maintenance. In this study, water samples were seasonally collected from an urban village to investigate the influence of roof tanks as an additional water storage device on the variation in the microbial community structure and pathogenic gene markers. Water stagnation in th...     

南京市城区空气环境质量评估

依据灰色系统理论，采用灰色变权聚类方法，根据国家环境质量标准，对南京市城区近两年的空气质量进行评估。空气质量评估采用的指标包含二氧化硫、二氧化氮以及可吸入颗粒物的浓度，并对评估结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明，南京市城区空气环境质量呈退化的趋势，尤其是经济繁华的鼓楼区以及交通拥挤的下关区，两年内空气质量明显下降。     

日本处理城市生活垃圾的做法及启示

随着我国城市化进程的加快，城市生活垃圾的排出量急剧增加，造成环境污染问题日益严重。垃圾不但影响城市景观，传播疾病，而且还破坏环境，浪费资源。本文通过介绍日本处理城市生活垃圾的做法和效果，比较我国处理城市生活垃圾的现状，提出我国应发挥政府职能作用，加强对国民的环保宣传和教育，建立垃圾分类制度、细化标准，创新垃圾回收处理技术，鼓励和扶持垃圾回收产业体系等建议。     

上海城市热岛效应的特征分析

根据上海市城区和郊区的６个Ｄａｖｉｓ自动气象观测仪，１９９８、１９９９年两年观测记录，分析了近年来上海市城市热岛的变化特征。结果表明：上海市全年出现城市热岛的概率为８５．１３％，大多数的热岛强度约为２～３℃，有时可以达到３～５℃，最大热岛强度可达７．３７℃；上海市城市热岛可分为Ａ、Ｂ两大类，Ａ类日变化较平稳，强度较弱，主要发生在春夏季节；而Ｂ类有明显的日变化，强度较大，基本上发生在秋冬季节，上海市     

城市绿地综合效益评价方法探讨：——天津实例应用

本文从复合生态系统理论出发，建立了城市绿地综合效益评价指标体系并将ＡＨＰ决策分析方法同模糊评价方法相结合，提出了一种城市绿地综合效益评价方法，同时，阐述了这一方法在天津的实际应用。     

δC variations in tree rings as an indication of severe changes in the urban air quality

Annual growth rings sampled from three free-standing trees (Platanus hybrida sp.), grew in the metropolitan area of Palermo (Italy) and covering a 118 years time span (1880–1998), have been studied for their ¹³C/¹²C carbon isotope ratios. It has been found that the ¹³C/¹²C tree ring record, during the study time interval, decreased of −3.6‰, from −26.4‰ in 1880 to −30‰ in 1998. Such a progressive depletion has been attributed to the addition of anthropogenic ¹³C depleted carbon dioxide to the local atmosphere. The observed ¹³C/¹²C decrease has been used to infer some possible pathways of atmospheric CO₂ change in the study urban area.