Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composition in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel

The coastal city of Tel Aviv was founded at the beginning of the 20th century. The number of its inhabitants and its water consumption increased rapidly. This study analyses a 15-year record (1934-1948) of pre-industrial development of groundwater chemistry in the urban area. Archive data on concentrations of major ions, dissolved gases (CO2 and O2), organic matter, and pH were available for each half-year during the period of 1934-1948. The major factors causing changes in the chemistry of groundwater flowing in three sandy sub-aquifers have been seawater encroachment due to overpumping, and infiltration of effluents from pit-latrine collectors. Influence of these factors decreases with depth. Landward-penetrating seawater passed through clayey coastal sediments, interbedded among sands and calcareous sandstones, and spread into the Kurkar Group aquifer. This has led to exchange of sodium (dominant in seawater) with calcium adsorbed on clay particles, enriching groundwater with calcium. Intensity of cation exchange decreases inland and with depth. Infiltration of pit-latrine effluents has introduced large amounts of ammonium into the unsaturated zone. Its rapid oxidation in unsaturated sediments has caused massive nitrate production, accompanied by pore-water acidification. This process induces dissolution of vadose carbonate, resulting in enrichment of groundwater recharge in calcium. Anthropogenically induced dissolution of calcite in the unsaturated zone has been the major factor for the increase of Ca2+ concentration in groundwater, accounting for about 80% of this increase. In the interface zone, an additional 20% of calcium has been supplied by cation exchange. Owing to pH increase caused by denitrification in the aquifer, Ca(2+)-rich waters supersaturated with calcite could be formed, especially in the capillary fringe of the uppermost sub-aquifer, which could induce calcite precipitation and ultimately lead to the cementation of sandy aquifers. Urban development has caused drastic changes in the gas content in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater. Carbon dioxide was intensively generated by nitrification-denitrification processes, by hydration of urea, to a lesser degree by oxidation of organic matter, and probably by anoxic biodegradation of organics. Between 1934 and 1948, concentrations of CO2 in unsaturated sediment air rose from 3.2% to 7.6%. In the unsaturated zone, oxygen consumption for oxidation of ammonium and organic matter lowered O2 concentrations in sediment air to unusually low values of 3.9-12.9%. Nitrification in the urban unsaturated zone could thus serve as a pump, sucking in atmospheric oxygen at a rate of about 0.3-0.5 g m-2 day-1. The extreme concentrations of CO2 and O2 in unsaturated sediments have been preserved due to production and consumption of gas under conditions of diminishing areas open to the atmosphere, uncovered by buildings and by roads.     

城市绿地降低空气中含菌量的生态效应研究

按照大气生物监测的方法和要求，选择了上海市区的交通干通。公园和居住区的主要类型的绿地，对绿地降低气挟菌数量的生态效应进行了初步研究，结果表明，绿地结构，植物种类配置和粉尘污染是影响绿地降低气挟菌数量效应的主要因素。     

主成份分析在城市生态经济动态评价中的应用

城市生态经济的动态发展过程,可以看作多种生态关系要素相互作用的集合沿时序轴波动的轨迹.在这种多变量分析中,完全采用人工筛选变量的方法难以避免确定权重等过程所带来的主观干扰.PCA(主成份分析)采用一种特殊的转换降维方法,根据原始数据自身的特点综合成几个主导因子,并最大程度反应原始数据的信息量.本文根据天津市四十年18项生态经济指标,采用相关矩阵和PCA双重筛选过程,得到载荷量大于90%的前三个主分量,将其作为天津市生态经济动态评价的基础.结果表明:天津市解放后四十年每十年一次的经济周期上迭加了自然社会等非经济因素的影响,表现出城市生态经济动态发展的三大阶段,这种发展主要受到宏观经济管理模式及其相应的投资机制的制约.     

城市环境信息管理系统建设实践

在对城市环境管理日常工作流程调研的基础上，设计开发出包含业务子系统（MIS），政务子系统（OA）、环境地理信息子系统（GIS）、网上发布子系统（WEB）的适合城市级使用的环境信息管理系统，阐述了系统的功能，技术结构和特点。     

协调视角下长三角城市群的空间结构演变与优化

以城市群为主体优化城镇化空间布局是构建国土空间规划体系的重要内容,空间优化的本质旨在促进城市群内部大中小城市协调发展。以长三角城市群为案例,在测度2001-2016年长三角城市群26个城市的城镇化协调水平基础上,运用社会网络和多维尺度分析等方法,分析和识别城镇化协调关系及其空间结构和内在演变机理。结果表明：（1）随着长三角城市群的城镇化协调水平提高,城市群内部的高协调城市逐渐显现出以上海为核心的“Z型”分布态势,低协调城市则稳定分布在长三角城市群扩容后的范围;（2）根据城镇化协调水平的关联强度划分长三角城市群的凝聚子群,凝聚子群的加权平均中心度和联系密度增大后,上海极化效应更加明显;（3）从城镇化协调关系的空间和时间两个维度识别城市群空间结构,长三角城市群从在空间距离影响下以省会城市为中心的“圈层”结构,变形为在时间距离影响下的“核心—边缘”结构;（4）人口、土地和经济城镇化三者协调水平的变化影响着长三角城市群空间结构演变,相较人口与经济城镇化,土地城镇化对城镇化协调关系的加强具有显著促进作用。从协调视角剖析长三角城市群的空间结构并提出优化政策,有助于中国现有资源环境承载能力条件下城市群一体化建设和空间资源的高效利用。     

浅议城市发展规划中环境与经济的协调

针对当前城市的经济规划和环境规划是相互独立的两个规划，环境规划在城市发展规划中未能反映出春应有的地位，以可持续发展理论为基础，描述了城市发展规划中应引入的新观念，并较为系统地介绍了可持续发展模式的城市经济与环境相互协调发展的规划体系。     

Assessing outdoor air quality vertically in an urban street canyon and its response to microclimatic factors

The vertical distribution of air pollutants in urban street canyons is closely related to residents’ health. However, the vertical air quality in urban street canyons has rarely been assessed using field observations obtained throughout the year. Therefore, this study investigated the seasonal and annual concentrations of particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), CO, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, air quality index, and their responses to microclimatic factors at three height levels (1.5, 27, and 69 m above street level) in an urban street canyon. The PM concentration was higher at 27 m than at 1.5 m in winter, whereas the situation was reversed in other seasons. It was found that photochemical pollutants such as NO₂ and O₃ were the primary pollutants in the urban street canyon. The days on which O₃ was the primary pollutant at the height of 1.5 m accounted for 81.07% of the entire year. The days on which NO₂ was the primary pollutant at the height of 27 and 69 m accounted for 82.49% and 72.33% of the entire year, respectively. Substantially higher concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ were found at the height of 27 m than at 69 m. In-canyon concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ were strongly correlated with air temperature, wind speed, and wind direction, which played important roles in photochemical reactions and pollutant dispersion.     

西安城市交通干道汽车污染物排放因子

在西安城市交通隧道内设３ 个空气监测点，对通过隧道的汽车排气形成的污染物浓度、隧道内风速、过往隧道的交通量进行采样、观测和统计。根据实测数据用大气扩散方程求得西安城市道路汽车平均单车 Ｃ Ｏ、 Ｈ Ｃ 和 Ｎ Ｏｘ 排放因子分别为３３２７９ ±１２１５８ 、３５７７ ±１８１６ 和４６０５ ±１９８１ ｍｇ／ｍ·ｖｅｈ 。与国外的成果相比，中国城市道路汽车 Ｃ Ｏ 和 Ｈ Ｃ 排放因子分别是国外发达国家汽车排放因子的２ ～９ 倍和３ ～９ 倍，而中国城市汽车 Ｎ Ｏｘ 排放因子约为发达国家汽车排放因子的二分之一。     

长三角城市群机动车污染物排放清单建立及特征研究

为研究长三角城市群机动车污染物排放特征,本研究应用COPERTⅣ模型估算1999—2017年长三角城市群机动车污染物CO、NMVOC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO_2、CH_4、N_2O、NH_3和SO_2排放因子,建立排放清单,并对其排放特征展开分析,结果表明:1999—2017年不同污染物时间变化趋势存在差异,污染物CO、NMVOC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和CH_4排放量呈现先增长后下降的趋势,但开始下降的年份不同,CO_2和NH_3排放量增长趋势显著,2017年相对于1999年分别增加621%和3925%,N_2O和SO_2排放量总体呈上升趋势并在特定年份下降明显;污染物排放空间分布与路网分布基本一致,沿海地区的排放强度要明显大于内陆地区,特别是长江下游、杭州湾和太湖附近的城市最为明显;轻型客车为污染物CO、NMVOC、CO_2、CH_4、N_2O和NH_3的主要贡献车型,重型货车和重型客车为污染物NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和SO_2主要贡献车型;长三角城市群各城市机动车污染物排放量的差别主要与各城市机动车保有量有关,上海市各污染物贡献率下降幅度明显,机动车污染物主要贡献城市除了省会城市和直辖市之外,其余城市的污染物排放也不容忽视.     

成都市区夏季大气污染物浓度时空变化特征分析

为了解成都市区大气污染物浓度水平及其变化规律,统计分析了2013年6月1日—8月31日3个市区站点(十里店、梁家巷和草堂寺)SO2、NO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10和CO逐时观测资料.结果表明,观测期间O3污染严重,上述3个站点小时均值超标率分别达22%、37%和42%.大气颗粒物污染也较为严重,上述3个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为13%、8%和3%,而PM2.5日均值超标率分别高达34%、27%和26%.NO2和CO早晚的浓度高峰主要与机动车流量增加和混合层高度降低有关.由于紫外辐射影响,O3浓度在正午出现峰值.受机动车流量高峰和气象条件的影响,PM2.5和PM10最大值和最小值分别出现在上午和下午.通过对污染物"周末效应"的分析,发现周末O3、PM2.5和PM10的浓度显著高于工作日,SO2、NO2和CO反之.成都市区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,其中PM10和NO2主要受局地源控制,而PM2.5、SO2和O3受外输送影响较大.