城镇环境规划

文章主要探讨了编制小城镇环境规划的理论基础、指标体系、主要内容、城镇环境专题规划及其技术方法,重点对空气污染防治规划、水环境专题规划、噪声污染控制规划和城镇固体废物处理及处置专题规划作了具体分析,论证了正确处理城镇发展与环境保护之间的关系。改善城镇环境质量,促进城镇生态系统的良性循环,实现城镇的可持续发展,已成为各国政府环境保护工作的重点。     

我国城市污水处理

我国城市污水处理的现状以及当前全国城市污水厂普遍应用的污水处理工艺,在选择城市污水处理工艺时应考虑资金及土地资源方面的问题,通过开发新型高效污水处理工艺提高污水净化率和污水处理量。同时通过建立和完善城市污水处理制度,提高城市居民环保意识,污水处理走向市场化,实现社会与政府的共赢。     

黑龙江省平水期地表水总磷构成的研究

通过对黑龙江省平水期地表水总磷监测结果分析,探讨地表水总磷的构成、成因;提出了从源头治理地表水总磷污染建议。     

三峡水库消落带土壤与优势植物淹水后对土-水系统汞形态的影响

三峡库区消落带落干期植被生长茂盛,蓄水后消落带被淹没,土壤-植物系统在长时间淹水情况下,随着体系内物理化学性质的改变,汞形态也会发生变化,从而对库区水生生态系统中汞含量以及形态带来一定的影响.为此,本研究选取三峡库区4种优势植物室内栽培,再进行室内模拟淹水试验,研究淹水后土壤、水体中甲基汞(Me Hg)以及其他形态汞的变化.结果表明,淹水过程中植物的存在有利于土壤Me Hg的生成,同时对上覆水不同形态汞浓度影响显著.狗牙根作为消落带优势种,由于其体内总汞及甲基汞含量较高,淹水后对土壤以及上覆水系统中甲基汞以及其他汞形态的影响最为明显.淹水第90 d,狗牙根+土+江水(B1)处理土壤Me Hg的含量最高,为(1 135.86±113.84)ng·kg~(-1),是不加植物的对照处理土+江水(CK2)中土壤Me Hg含量的2倍左右;上覆水总甲基汞(TMe Hg)、溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)、总汞(THg)、溶解态汞(DHg)和活性汞(RHg)均呈峰值偏左的抛物线状变化,在第30 d时达到峰值,其中B1处理上覆水TMe Hg、THg和DHg最高,分别为(2.88±0.06)、(40.29±2.42)和(35.51±3.77)ng·L~(-1),三者中溶解态汞是其主要存在形式.因此可以推测三峡库区消落带植物淹水后将增加水库汞污染负荷.     

关于城市河流水污染防治技术应用和研究

随着我国经济的不断发展,各种工厂也大量的成立,而这也使得很多废弃物及废水被过度排放到湖泊与河流之中,进而导致其出现了严重的污染问题。污染不仅对人们的生活质量产生了影响,同时也对生态的平衡发展产生了很大的阻碍,业已经成为社会各界高度关注和重视的问题。基于此,本文围绕城市河流水污染的现状进行了分析,对于污染产生的原因也进行了阐述,针对城市河流水污染防治技术的应用也进行了探讨和研究,以期可以有效解决我国出现的河流水污染问题,进而为人们及社会营造一个全新、绿色的河流环境。     

Scenario-based assessment and multi-objective optimization of urban development plan with carrying capacity of water system

• Impact of urban development on water system is assessed with carrying capacity. • Impacts on both water resource quantity and environmental quality are involved. • Multi-objective optimization revealing system trade-off facilitate the regulation. • Efficiency, scale and structure of urban development are regulated in two stages. • A roadmap approaching more sustainable development is provided for the case city. Environmental impact assessments and subsequent regulation measures of urban development plans are critical to human progress toward sustainability, since these plans set the scale and structure targets of future socioeconomic development. A three-step methodology for assessing and optimizing an urban development plan focusing on its impacts on the water system was developed. The methodology first predicted the pressure on the water system caused by implementation of the plan under distinct scenarios, then compared the pressure with the carrying capacity threshold to verify the system status; finally, a multi-objective optimization method was used to propose regulation solutions. The methodology enabled evaluation of the water system carrying state, taking socioeconomic development uncertainties into account, and multiple sets of improvement measures under different decisionmaker preferences were generated. The methodology was applied in the case of Zhoushan city in South-east China. The assessment results showed that overloading problems occurred in 11 out of the 13 zones in Zhoushan, with the potential pressure varying from 1.1 to 18.3 times the carrying capacity. As a basic regulation measure, an environmental efficiency upgrade could relieve the overloading in 4 zones and reduce 9%‒63% of the pressure. The optimization of industrial development showed that the pressure could be controlled under the carrying capacity threshold if the planned scale was reduced by 24% and the industrial structure was transformed. Various regulation schemes including a more suitable scale and structure with necessary efficiency standards are provided for decisionmakers that can help the case city approach a more sustainable development pattern.     

基于CA的城市形态扩展多解模拟——以北京市东部平原区情景分析为例

构建了一个基于人工神经网络的约束型城市扩展CA模型。利用该模型,预测了北京市东部平原区在3种情景规划之下的未来50年的城市形态,为不同的城市发展模式之间的比较分析奠定基础。然后以2024年的北京东部平原区模拟城市形态为基准,从自然生态功效、社会服务功效、经济利益功效3个方面对3种规划模式进行了情景分析,从而系统的比较了3种规划模式的复合生态功效,为城市规划决策提供有力的支持。     

Study of urban population attitudes towards various wastewater reuse options: Israel as a case study

This paper summarizes the findings of a survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of the Israeli urban public towards various urban water reuse options. Israel is known for its long and successful agricultural water reuse scheme, but to date no large-scale urban reuse projects have been implemented. The survey included 21 reuse options, which were clustered into three reuse categories, namely: low, medium, and high contact levels. Results show that a high proportion of the participants supported medium contact reuse options such as sidewalk landscaping (95%), domestic WC flushing (85%) and firefighting (96%). Higher contact reuse options such as domestic laundry (38%), preserved food (13%), and potable aquifer recharge (11%) found much lesser support. Less than expected support was found for low contact reuse options with 86% for field crop irrigation, 62% for aquifer recharge for agricultural irrigation, and as low as 49% for orchard irrigation. This low support is surprising, since all three options have been practiced on a large scale for over three decades in Israel without any adverse effects to the public. No correlation was found between any biographical characteristic examined (education, gender, income, marital status, having young children, and age) and support for medium contact options. For the medium contact options, the results suggest that perceived financial gain (individual and/or communal) and positive public opinion enhances support, while perceived health effects negatively affects the degree of support. Technology, trust in authorities and awareness of water and environmental issues were found to not have a significant effect on support for medium contact reuse options. Analyzing the four possible reasons for support given by participants who identified themselves as supporters of wastewater reuse revealed that the most important reason for support was "water saving", followed by "minimization of importing water from abroad". These were followed by "infrastructure cost saving" together with "environmental improvement".     

Interaction Between the Environment and Animals in Urban Settings: Integrated and Participatory Planning

In urban ecosystems, the ecological system has become completely unbalanced; this, in turn, has led to an increase in well-known problems such as air pollution, ground pollution, and water pollution. This imbalance has also led to the growth and spread of pathogens harmful to man, animals, and plants. Urban sustainability indicators, both global and local, also “indicate” the percentage of population, but these refer only to the human population, not the animal population. Cities need good waste, water, and air management, effective traffic planning, and good zoning of businesses, crafts, and services; over and above these activities, cities also need for planning to take into account the existence of pets (dogs, cats, and etc.) and nonpet animals (insects, birds, mice, etc.). Cities tend to be designed around humans and “on a human scale,” without taking into account the fact that a huge animal population is living side by side with people. That explains why overcrowding tends to go hand in hand with urbanization; all these populations, including humans, need to adapt to new spaces and often need to drastically change their behavior. This is a fact that must be included when drafting sustainable city plans. The supposed strategy is that of “integrated-participatory” control of the interactions between the environment and animals in the cities. Strategy will focus on the development of integrated approaches and tools for environment and animal management in the context of urban settings. This will require such specific methods as ecological balance sheets and ecoplans for the planning, management, and control of the interrelation among environment, animal, and public health. The objective is to develop a better understanding of urban biodiversity and of urban ecosystem functioning, in order to understand and minimize the negative impacts of human activities on them. The research will focus on assessing and forecasting changes in urban biodiversity, structure, function, and dynamics of urban ecosystems, with relationships among society, economy, biodiversity, and habitats.     

富拉尔基区城市垃圾产业化、无害化处理途径的思考

城市垃圾污染问题不容忽视,危害巨大,加强城市垃圾分类,如何进行资源化、产业化、无害化处理是一项利国利民的大事。