Urban flooding in Australia: Policy development and implementation

This paper presents a review of Australian urban riverine flooding. By world standards the Australian flood problem is relatively small, though there are pockets of development subject to regular severe inundation. In the past, government response to flooding was ad hoc and characterized by structural adjustments. The 1970s and 1980s, however, have seen a major shift in approach. The new approach emphasizes resource management rather than construction, and consists of the announcement of policies, enactment of enabling legislation, and the introduction of procedures to help ensure that the widest range of flood damage reduction measures are considered. The changes are evident at both the federal and state levels of government.
Though problems remain, particularly at the local government level, where ultimate responsibility for policy implementation generally rests, the authors feel there are good grounds for optimism. Some suggestions for future policy are offered and the importance of public safety is stressed.     

上海城市街道峡谷道路绿化模式研究

街道峡谷在上海城市中普遍存在,街道峡谷中污染气体的扩散受到屋顶风向、风速、高宽比、峡谷两侧建筑物的对称性、高度分布和街区形状等因素的影响。文章对适合于不同街道峡谷形式的、较为典型的道路绿化模式进行了研究。结果表明,上海城市街道峡谷中的道路绿化模式可归纳为:梯级递进式、斑块复合式、疏朗开敞式、模纹花镜式和独立行道树式5种。当街道峡谷与主导风垂直:(1)街道峡谷的W/H>5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或疏朗开敞式;(2)街道峡谷的W/H为0.6～5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用流朗开敞式、背风侧采用模纹花镜式,或者两侧都采用模纹花镜式;(3)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(4)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递升型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用斑块复合式或模纹花镜式,背风侧采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(5)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递降型峡谷时,绿化模式可采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;当街道峡谷与主风向平行:宽、高比大的街道绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或斑块复合式,当街道峡谷的高度是宽度的倍数时,道路绿化宜采用疏朗开敞式或独立行道树式。     

A new approach for biological online testing of stack gas condensate from municipal waste incinerators

A biological testing system for the monitoring of stack gas condensates of municipal waste incinerators has been developed using Euglena gracilis as a test organism. The motility, velocity and cellular form of the organisms were the endpoints, calculated by an image analysis system. All endpoints showed statistically significant changes in a short time when organisms were exposed to samples collected during combustion situations with increased pollutant concentrations. The velocity of the organisms proved to be the most appropriate endpoint. A semi-continuous system with E. gracilis for monitoring stack gas condensate is proposed, which could result in an online system for testing stack gas condensates in the future.     

Urban sharing in smart cities: the cases of Berlin and London

ABSTRACT

Addressing urban sustainability challenges requires changes in the way systems of provision and services are designed, organised and delivered. In this context, two promising phenomena have gained interest from the academia, the public sector and the media: “smart cities” and “urban sharing”. Smart cities rely on the extensive use of information and communications technology (ICT) to increase efficiencies in urban areas, while urban sharing builds on the collaborative use of idling resources enabled by ICT in densely populated cities. The concepts have many similar features and share common goals, yet cities with smart city agendas often fail to take a stance on urban sharing. Thus, its potentials are going largely unnoticed by local governments. This article addresses this issue by exploring cases of London and Berlin – two ICT-dense cities with clearly articulated smart city agendas and an abundance of sharing platforms. Drawing on urban governance literature, we develop a conceptual framework that specifies the roles that cities assume when governing urban sharing: city as regulator, city as provider, city as enabler and city as consumer. We find that both cities indirectly support urban sharing through smart agenda programmes, which aim to facilitate ICT-enabled technical innovation and emergence of start-ups. However, programmes, strategies, support schemes and regulations aimed directly at urban sharing initiatives are few. We also find that Berlin is sceptical towards urban sharing organisations, while London took more of a collaborative approach. Implications for policy-makers are discussed in the end.     

Comparing urban air quality in Europe in real time a review of existing air quality indices and the proposal of a common alternative

The EU directives on air quality force member states to inform the public on the status of the ambient air quality. The Internet is commonly used for this purpose and often air quality is being presented as an index ranging from good to bad. A review of existing websites and air quality indices shows that the way air quality is interpreted differs considerably. The paper presents a new air quality index. The index is part of a project to develop a website dedicated to comparing air quality in European cities. The common air quality index (CAQI) is not aimed at replacing existing local indices. The CAQI is a set of two indices: one for roadside monitoring sites and one for average city background conditions. Differentiating between roadside and general city conditions is a first step in assuring consistence in the parameters that are being compared.     

锌对长柔毛委陵菜中铅的分布和化学形态的影响

通过营养液培养并采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法,分析了Zn对Pb在长柔毛委陵菜(Potentilla griffithii var. velutina)的器官及其亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响.结果表明,除对照外,79%～88%的Pb富集在长柔毛委陵菜的根部,并且植物体内47%～77%和13%～45%的Pb分别分布在细胞壁和可溶组分中.虽然加Zn没有改变Pb在植物亚细胞分布中"细胞壁>可溶组分>细胞核和叶绿体>线粒体"的格局,但Pb和Zn的添加都增加了Pb在细胞壁的分配比例,减少其在可溶组分的富集,即Pb和Zn的添加增强了细胞壁对Pb的固持作用.长柔毛委陵菜体内的Pb以不同化学形态存在:在对照中82%～89%的Pb以乙醇提取态和水提取态存在;而在其它处理中以盐酸提取态为最高形态,占总量的28%～60%.同时,Pb和Zn的添加导致植物中Pb的乙醇提取态和水提取态等活性较强形态的分配比例减少,促进Pb向活性较弱的结合形态转移.因此,根部滞留、细胞壁固持、可溶组分的液泡区隔化和活性较强的结合形态的减少是长柔毛委陵菜耐Pb的主要机制.     

城乡结合部垃圾疏散职能的重塑

从生态系统的角度阐述了城市与乡村的物质能量流动关系,指出我国城市生活垃圾产业化进程中,关键的问题是重塑城乡结合部的垃圾疏散职能。通过设计城乡结合部生活垃圾处理系统,重塑了城乡结合部的垃圾疏散职能。     

白银矿山水体和沉积物中重金属及其化学形态分布特征

白银铜多金属矿山矿业活动产生的大量废水排入东大沟,对东大沟周围农田和黄河白银段水体造成了严重危害。采用等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和BCR法连续提取过程对东大沟水体和沉积物中重金属总量和各化学形态进行分析,结果表明水体和沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn高度富集。水体中除Pb外,Cd、Cu、Zn含量超出国家标准的几倍到几十倍,随着河流流向呈显著降低趋势。沉积物中不同重金属化学形态分布有很大差异,尾矿坝坑底泥和黄河泥沙中重金属化学形态分布主要以弱酸提取态和残渣态为主,而东大沟沉积物中重金属化学形态呈现不同的分布特征,Pb以可还原态为主,Zn以残渣态为主,Cd以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态,Cu以可氧化态为主。沉积物中Cd和Pb地积累指数均大于5,达到极强污染程度,Cu和Zn地积累指数在3~5之间,也不同程度达到强到极强污染。     

外磁场调控的聚合硫酸铁水解过程研究

基于聚合硫酸铁的UV-vis光谱学特征,利用外加电磁场对聚合硫酸铁进行磁化调控,研究了不同磁化时间和磁场强度对PFS中铁形态分布的影响.研究表明,水解过程中铁盐逐渐与羟基结合,存在由低聚态向相对较高聚态转化的趋势.整体来看,在一定范围内增加磁化时间和磁场强度可以有效促进絮凝剂的水解,但是在多工艺参数调控中,提升磁场强度能够获得更为明显的效果.通过上述研究表明,借助UV-vis光谱学特征变化的分析,可有效判断PFS在水解过程中的水解进程及转化.在相同磁场强度下,磁化4~6min时,由低聚态向高聚态转化速率更快.而在控制磁化时间相同的情况下,增大磁场强度相应水解产物的转化速率也会提高1.9%~12.3%.该研究为设计适当的磁场强度获得更好的磁絮凝效果以及PFS絮凝工艺的调控提供更为科学有效的理论指导.     

Influence of combustion-originated dioxins in atmospheric deposition on water quality of an urban river in Japan

Bulk (wet and dry) deposition samples were collected in Saitama Prefecture, Japan throughout a year (February 8, 2012 to February 7, 2013) to estimate the influence of dioxins emitting from waste incinerators on river water quality. The annual deposition flux of dioxins was 3.3 ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/m²/year. Source identification using indicative congeners estimated that 82% of dioxin TEQ in the bulk deposition (2.7 ng-TEQ/m²/year) was combustion-originated, indicating that most of the dioxins in the deposition were derived from waste incinerators. In Saitama prefecture the annual flux of combustion-originated dioxins in depositions was apparently consistent with that of dioxin emission into the air from waste incinerators. The TEQ of combustion-originated dioxins in the deposition per rainfall was 2.4 pg-TEQ/L on annual average, exceeding the environmental quality standard (EQS) for water in Japan of 1 pg-TEQ/L. This suggests there is a possibility that dioxins in atmospheric deposition have a significant influence on the water quality of urban rivers which rainwater directly flows into because of many paved areas in the basins. The influence of combustion-originated dioxin in the deposition on the water quality of Ayase River, an urban river heavily polluted with dioxins, was estimated at 0.29 pg-TEQ/L on annual average in 2015. It seems that dioxins in atmospheric deposition from waste incinerators have a significant influence on water quality of some urban rivers via rainwater though the dioxins in the ambient air have achieved the EQS for atmosphere at all monitoring sites in Japan.