城乡结合部垃圾疏散职能的重塑

从生态系统的角度阐述了城市与乡村的物质能量流动关系,指出我国城市生活垃圾产业化进程中,关键的问题是重塑城乡结合部的垃圾疏散职能。通过设计城乡结合部生活垃圾处理系统,重塑了城乡结合部的垃圾疏散职能。     

白银矿山水体和沉积物中重金属及其化学形态分布特征

白银铜多金属矿山矿业活动产生的大量废水排入东大沟,对东大沟周围农田和黄河白银段水体造成了严重危害。采用等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和BCR法连续提取过程对东大沟水体和沉积物中重金属总量和各化学形态进行分析,结果表明水体和沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn高度富集。水体中除Pb外,Cd、Cu、Zn含量超出国家标准的几倍到几十倍,随着河流流向呈显著降低趋势。沉积物中不同重金属化学形态分布有很大差异,尾矿坝坑底泥和黄河泥沙中重金属化学形态分布主要以弱酸提取态和残渣态为主,而东大沟沉积物中重金属化学形态呈现不同的分布特征,Pb以可还原态为主,Zn以残渣态为主,Cd以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态,Cu以可氧化态为主。沉积物中Cd和Pb地积累指数均大于5,达到极强污染程度,Cu和Zn地积累指数在3~5之间,也不同程度达到强到极强污染。     

外磁场调控的聚合硫酸铁水解过程研究

基于聚合硫酸铁的UV-vis光谱学特征,利用外加电磁场对聚合硫酸铁进行磁化调控,研究了不同磁化时间和磁场强度对PFS中铁形态分布的影响.研究表明,水解过程中铁盐逐渐与羟基结合,存在由低聚态向相对较高聚态转化的趋势.整体来看,在一定范围内增加磁化时间和磁场强度可以有效促进絮凝剂的水解,但是在多工艺参数调控中,提升磁场强度能够获得更为明显的效果.通过上述研究表明,借助UV-vis光谱学特征变化的分析,可有效判断PFS在水解过程中的水解进程及转化.在相同磁场强度下,磁化4~6min时,由低聚态向高聚态转化速率更快.而在控制磁化时间相同的情况下,增大磁场强度相应水解产物的转化速率也会提高1.9%~12.3%.该研究为设计适当的磁场强度获得更好的磁絮凝效果以及PFS絮凝工艺的调控提供更为科学有效的理论指导.     

Influence of combustion-originated dioxins in atmospheric deposition on water quality of an urban river in Japan

Bulk (wet and dry) deposition samples were collected in Saitama Prefecture, Japan throughout a year (February 8, 2012 to February 7, 2013) to estimate the influence of dioxins emitting from waste incinerators on river water quality. The annual deposition flux of dioxins was 3.3 ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/m²/year. Source identification using indicative congeners estimated that 82% of dioxin TEQ in the bulk deposition (2.7 ng-TEQ/m²/year) was combustion-originated, indicating that most of the dioxins in the deposition were derived from waste incinerators. In Saitama prefecture the annual flux of combustion-originated dioxins in depositions was apparently consistent with that of dioxin emission into the air from waste incinerators. The TEQ of combustion-originated dioxins in the deposition per rainfall was 2.4 pg-TEQ/L on annual average, exceeding the environmental quality standard (EQS) for water in Japan of 1 pg-TEQ/L. This suggests there is a possibility that dioxins in atmospheric deposition have a significant influence on the water quality of urban rivers which rainwater directly flows into because of many paved areas in the basins. The influence of combustion-originated dioxin in the deposition on the water quality of Ayase River, an urban river heavily polluted with dioxins, was estimated at 0.29 pg-TEQ/L on annual average in 2015. It seems that dioxins in atmospheric deposition from waste incinerators have a significant influence on water quality of some urban rivers via rainwater though the dioxins in the ambient air have achieved the EQS for atmosphere at all monitoring sites in Japan.     

Assessment of column aerosol optical properties using ground-based sun-photometer at urban Harbin, Northeast China

Aerosol plays a key role in determining radiative balance, regional climate and human health. Severe air pollution over Northeast China in recent years urges more comprehensive studies to figure out the adverse effects caused by excessive aerosols. In this study, column aerosol measurements over urban Harbin, a metropolis located at the highest latitude in Northeast China, during May 2016 to March 2017 were conducted using a CIMEL sun-photometer to analyze local aerosol properties and its variation from different aspects. According to the observations, aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD₄₄₀) ranges from 0.07 up to 1.54, and the large variability in both AOD₄₄₀ and Angstrom Exponent (AE_440–870) indicates the frequent change of aerosol types due of different emission sources. Coarse mode particles dominated Harbin during the studying period because of the long-range transported dust and probably the suspended snow crystals in winter. As the wavelength increases, relatively consistent decrease trends of single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor (ASY) were observed in spring, autumn, and winter, indicating the presence of absorbing polluted aerosols. Mixed type (MIX) aerosol dominated the study region with a total percentage of 34%, and biomass burning and urban industry (BB/UI), clean continental (CC), and desert dust (DD) aerosols were found to be 31%, 27%, and 8%, respectively. The current work fills up the optical characteristics of aerosols in Harbin, and will contribute to the in-depth understanding of local aerosol variation and regional climate change over Northeast China.     

京津冀城市群环境规制强度与城镇化质量的协调性分析

城镇化与生态环境之间存在复杂的非线性耦合关系,而环境规制作为人类对环境的主动调节行为,能够对城镇化与生态环境间的协调关系产生积极影响。论文以京津冀城市群13个地级以上城市为例,以成本-效益理论和效率-水平理论为基础,分别构建环境规制强度和城镇化质量评价指标体系,结果发现：京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量在时空格局上呈现高度吻合,两者均以京津为双峰值点,并向南北两翼梯度递减。之后,采用象限图分类识别方法对京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量协调类型进行划分,从而判断两者协调性状况及时空演变特征,结论如下：1）京津冀城市群环境规制在一定程度上促进了城镇化质量的提升,两者相关系数为0.82,但环境规制强度和城镇化质量不协调状态同样显著,两者基本协调的样本数仅占样本总数的13%,说明正处于初级协同阶段;2）京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量整体水平偏低,达到高水平的城市仅有北京市和天津市,但两者整体水平增强态势显著,石家庄市、唐山市等次级中心城市,以及秦皇岛市、沧州市等经济较发达城市已由低水平步入中等水平;3）京津冀城市群环境规制强度和城镇化质量协调性呈现圈层状空间格局,主要分为核心圈层、中间圈层和外围圈层3个圈层,且核心圈层协调性优于中间圈层,再优于外围圈层。     

网络系统最佳震灾对策研究：以古交市供水系统为例

以古交市供水管网系统为例,运用网络分析法分析现有网络系统的可靠性,并提出改进措施,为古交市的供水系统提供最佳震灾对策．     

湖南主要农田土壤中氮的形态

本试验采集了湖南省八种主要母质发育的２３个农田土壤耕层样本，其中水田土壤１６个，旱地土壤７个．将土壤氮分为七级．即交换性ＮＨ４＋十ＮＯ３－，水解性ＮＨ４＋，氨基糖氮，可溶性碱稳定态氮，酸溶性腐殖质态氮，固定态ＮＨ４＋，难溶性腐殖质态氮。分析结果表明，土壤中交换性ＮＨ４＋十ＮＯ３－的含量为２２．０土９．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的１．７土０．７％；水解性ＮＨ４＋为３２４．４土１０９．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的２３．９±５．６％；氨基糖氮为１１８．９土４３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的９．１土３．２％；可溶性碱稳定态氮为４９７．１土２０５．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的３６．２土８．３％；酸溶性腐殖质态氮为２９．２土１０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的１３土０．８％；固定态ＮＨ４＋为４７．２土２４．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的３．６±１．７％；难溶性腐殖质态氮为３４１．３土２７０．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的２２．２土１１．６％。     

长期不同施肥下灰漠土有机磷组分的变化

土壤有机磷是土壤磷素的重要供应源,也是植物吸收磷素的重要来源。对灰漠土16年长期不同施肥条件下,土壤有机磷的四种形态(活性有机磷、中活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷)进行了测定。结果表明,不施磷肥处理(CK、N)土壤有机磷组分有下降趋势,施磷肥处理(NP、NPK和NPKM)可以提高有机磷各组分的含量,但是只有氮磷钾配合有机肥施用效果显著,有机磷总量和中活性有机磷提高了60%左右。不同施磷下灰漠土有机磷组分均以中活性有机磷为主,其占有机磷的比例为80%～90%;四种有机磷含量次序为中活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷>活性有机磷>高稳性有机磷。土壤有机磷组分中,活性和中活性有机磷含量与速效磷的相关性达极显著水平(相关系数分别为0.9403**,0.9894**;n=5),说明土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷有效性相对较高,是植物有效磷的主要形态。     

Impact of urbanisation on soil characteristics

Six forest locations were chosen from urban (U) and semi-urban (SU) zones of Sofia, Bulgaria. Soil profiles characterised for their generic physico-chemical properties: particle size distribution, pH, C-content (%) and N-content (%). From the ratio silt/clay and C/N, significant differences were observed for the Ah horizon in the urban and semi-urban locations. Clay formation appeared to be reduced in this horizon in the urban soils and the C-content is higher in semi-urban soils in comparison with the urban soils. On the base of the results obtained, a reduction of the buffering capability is noted for the topsoil of the urban sites compared to the semi-urban sites.