长春市热岛效应的时空演变研究

以长春市为例,借助1988年9月25日,1995年9月29日和2000年9月18日三个时相的TM/ETM+遥感影像,研究长春市近12年热岛效应的时空演化规律。研究发现:长春市热岛效应明显且多年稳定存在,热岛中心主要分布在宽城区南部、二道区北部伊通河两岸和绿园区西南部;绿园区西南部和宽城区西北部强热岛区面积呈逐年增加态势,二道区北部伊通河两岸热状况有所改善;从1998年到1995年和从1995年到2000年,热岛面积分别增加约9.32 km2和14.93km2,增长速度加快。     

Estimation of the accumulation rates and health risks of heavy metals in residential soils of three metropolitan cities in China

Heavy metal concentrations in urban soils are likely to increase over time because of continuous urbanization and heavy metal emissions. To estimate the accumulation rates of heavy metals in urban soils, we collected soil samples from residential areas with different building ages in the metropolitan cities of Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in the soils varied among the cities and were primarily affected by soil parent material and the intensity of anthropogen...     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

基于压力论的城市生态环境质量定量评价模型及应用

本文从压力源-压力流-压力汇的角度构建城市生态环境质量评价指标体系,并对上海闵行区的生态环境质量进行了评价,结果表明闵行区城市生态环境质量的压力源虽然逐年来有所增加,但是其城市生态环境质量的支持力则呈现逐年增大的趋势,故闵行区城市生态环境质量总体向较为理想的趋势在发展。     

农业小流域源头区池塘底泥磷形态和吸附特征

选择开慧河小流域源头区为研究对象,分析3类池塘(近年来由农田改建的人工塘为第Ⅰ类,受人为影响大的山边塘为第Ⅱ类,受人为影响小的山边塘为第Ⅲ类)的水质、底泥理化性质和底泥磷吸附特性。结果表明,3类池塘底泥的全磷、草酸提取态磷、不同形态无机磷(NH4Cl-P除外)以及生物可利用性磷(BAP)含量从大到小依次均为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类,与3类池塘水质状况相一致。无机态磷中不同形态磷含量从大到小依次为金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)、可还原态磷(BD-P)和弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P),其中,NaOH-P是主要赋存形式(占68.51%)。BD-P含量和HCl-P含量分别与活性铁(Feox)含量呈显著正相关(P0.01),NH4Cl-P含量和NaOH-P含量分别与活性铝(Alox)含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。采用Langmuir方程拟合吸附数据得出:Ⅰ类(塘1、6和12)、Ⅱ类(塘10和11)和Ⅲ类(塘3)池塘底泥吸附/解吸平衡磷浓度(C0EP)、磷最大吸附量(Smax)和磷吸附键能参数(Kc)分别为0.02~0.12 mg·L-1、526.32~826.45 mg·kg-1和0.31~1.11 L·mg-1。其中,塘6底泥Smax和Kc最小,C0EP最大,潜在磷释放风险大;塘10和11具有较高的Smax、Kc及较低的C0EP值;塘3底泥对磷的吸附能力介于Ⅰ和Ⅱ类塘之间。可见,研究区人类活动输入外源污染物在一定程度上影响了池塘底泥磷含量和吸附特性,在控制农业小流域源头磷污染的同时应考虑磷的流入负荷及水体底泥的磷吸附能力。     

Ambient halocarbon mixing ratios in 45 Chinese cities

During this study 158 whole air samples were collected in 45 Chinese cities in January and February 2001. The spatial distribution of different classes of halocarbons in the Chinese urban atmosphere, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Halon-1211, and other chlorinated compounds is presented and discussed. Most of these compounds were enhanced compared to background levels. However, the mean enhancement of CFCs was relatively small, with CFC-12 and CFC-11 increases of 6% (range 1–31%) and 10% (range 2–89%), respectively, with respect to the global background. On the contrary, strongly enhanced levels of CFC replacement compounds and halogenated compounds used as solvents were measured. The average Halon-1211 concentration exceeded the background of 4.3 pptv by 75% and was higher than 10 pptv in several cities. Methyl chloride mixing ratios were also strongly elevated (78% higher than background levels), which is likely related to the widespread use of coal and biofuel in China.     

The urban growth, size distribution and spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of the Yangtze River Delta megalopolitan region, China

As one of the six megalopolitan regions in the world, the Yangtze River Delta is one of the most populated and developed regions of China. The spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urbanization process of the megalopolitan region is investigated. This work compared the spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urban growth for the five urban areas (Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou) in this region. During the 15 years, urban growth patterns were dramatically uneven over three 5-year periods. The size distribution of the five urban areas became more even with the rapid urbanization process. The patterns of urban expansion reflected policy adjustment and economic development throughout the time. Landscape metric analysis across concentric buffer zones was conducted to elucidate the area, shape, size, complexity and configuration of urban expansion. The study indicates the coalescence process occurred during the rapid urban growth from 1990 to 1995 and the moderate growth period from 2000 to 2005, but different urban growth period between 1995 and 2000. The urban growth pattern was coalesced for the Nanjing and Wuxi metropolitan areas and diffused for Shanghai, Suzhou and Changzhou. This approach indicates that the coalescence process was the major growth model for this region in the recent 15 years despite their different size, economic growth and population growth. The diffusion-coalesce dichotomy represent endpoints rather than alternate states of urban growth. This work will be beneficial in understanding the size distribution and urbanization process of the megalopolitan region in China.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils along a rural-urban-rural transect: sources, concentration gradients, and profiles

This study reports concentrations of PBDEs in surface soil samples collected along a 140 km transect across Kuwait to assess the role of urban centers as sources of persistent organic pollutants to the surrounding environment. The ΣPBDE concentrations varied by a factor of ∼250 and ranged from 289 to 80,078 pg g⁻¹ d.w. The concentrations of PBDEs in Kuwait City were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those collected from sites outside the city supporting the hypothesis that urban centers are sources of PBDEs. The congener profiles were dominated by BDE-209, accounting for 93% of the PBDEs in the soil samples. The concentrations of all congeners (except BDE-209) were highly correlated with percent organic carbon (%OC) (p > 0.05) when the data from Kuwait City was omitted from the analysis. These findings suggest that soil concentrations outside the urban centers were close to equilibrium with the atmosphere.     

Grassland allergenicity increases with urbanisation and plant invasions

Pollen allergies have been on the rise in cities, where anthropogenic disturbances, warmer climate and introduced species are shaping novel urban ecosystems. Yet, the allergenic potential of these urban ecosystems, in particular spontaneous vegetation outside parks and gardens, remains poorly known. We quantified the allergenic properties of 56 dry grasslands along a double gradient of urbanisation and plant invasion in Berlin (Germany). 30% of grassland species were classified as allergenic, most of them being natives. Urbanisation was associated with an increase in abundance and diversity of pollen allergens, mainly driven by an increase in allergenic non-native plants. While not inherently more allergenic than native plants, the pool of non-natives contributed a larger biochemical diversity of allergens and flowered later than natives, creating a broader potential spectrum of allergy. Managing novel risks to urban public health will involve not only targeted action on allergenic non-natives, but also policies at the habitat scale favouring plant community assembly of a diverse, low-allergenicity vegetation. Similar approaches could be easily replicated in other cities to provide a broad quantification and mapping of urban allergy risks and drivers.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01741-z.     

纳米氢氧化镁对不同类型土壤镉形态的影响

采用28 d室内连续培养实验,以纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁(100、 200和300 mg·kg^-1)为镉污染土壤钝化剂,研究了纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁对不同类型镉污染土壤(1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1)中镉形态的影响.结果表明,在中性土壤上, 1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理中土壤交换态Cd(EX-Cd)形态分布比例FDC为66.7%～81.8%,为土壤镉主要形态.土壤镉含量大小顺序为EX-Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd(CAB-Cd)>残渣态Cd(RES-Cd)>铁锰氧化态Cd(FeMn-Cd)>有机结合态Cd(OM-Cd).培养第14d时,土壤EX-Cd FDC达到最低值.培养0～28 d期间,在1、 5、 10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理下,纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁处理的土壤EX-Cd FDC较对照(CK)分别降低了11.4%～67.7%、 7.8%～37.2%、 7.7%～36.4%、 5.0%～28.8%(纳米氢氧化镁)和0.5%～49.5%、 ...