典型石油场地周边土壤重金属形态特征及源解析

为研究荆门市某石油场地周边表层土壤重金属形态特征和来源,对研究区土壤中Cr、As、Cd、Sb、Hg、Pb、Ni、Cu和Pb这9种重金属总量和赋存形态进行了调查分析,对土壤中重金属的生态风险和生物有效性进行评价,并且用多元分析方法对重金属的来源进行辨析.结果表明,Cd在土壤中主要是以酸溶态和可还原态为主,含量平均值为0.19 mg·kg^-1,占到4种形态总和的79.86%;Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Sb和Pb主要以残渣态为主,Hg主要以残渣态和可氧化态为主,在土壤中稳定性较好.Cr处于无风险状态,Sb、Pb、Ni和Cu的风险评价结果为低风险.Cd、Hg、Zn和As的风险指数均达到中等风险水平,尤其Cd接近高风险标准,需要引起相关重视.土壤重金属总量和赋存形态的相关性和主成分分析结果表明,As、Cr、Ni、Sb、Hg和Pb等重金属主要来源受自然输入影响较大,重金属Cd受工业生产人为活动的外源性因素影响较为明显.     

农业小流域源头区池塘底泥磷形态和吸附特征

选择开慧河小流域源头区为研究对象,分析3类池塘(近年来由农田改建的人工塘为第Ⅰ类,受人为影响大的山边塘为第Ⅱ类,受人为影响小的山边塘为第Ⅲ类)的水质、底泥理化性质和底泥磷吸附特性。结果表明,3类池塘底泥的全磷、草酸提取态磷、不同形态无机磷(NH4Cl-P除外)以及生物可利用性磷(BAP)含量从大到小依次均为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类,与3类池塘水质状况相一致。无机态磷中不同形态磷含量从大到小依次为金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)、可还原态磷(BD-P)和弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P),其中,NaOH-P是主要赋存形式(占68.51%)。BD-P含量和HCl-P含量分别与活性铁(Feox)含量呈显著正相关(P0.01),NH4Cl-P含量和NaOH-P含量分别与活性铝(Alox)含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。采用Langmuir方程拟合吸附数据得出:Ⅰ类(塘1、6和12)、Ⅱ类(塘10和11)和Ⅲ类(塘3)池塘底泥吸附/解吸平衡磷浓度(C0EP)、磷最大吸附量(Smax)和磷吸附键能参数(Kc)分别为0.02~0.12 mg·L-1、526.32~826.45 mg·kg-1和0.31~1.11 L·mg-1。其中,塘6底泥Smax和Kc最小,C0EP最大,潜在磷释放风险大;塘10和11具有较高的Smax、Kc及较低的C0EP值;塘3底泥对磷的吸附能力介于Ⅰ和Ⅱ类塘之间。可见,研究区人类活动输入外源污染物在一定程度上影响了池塘底泥磷含量和吸附特性,在控制农业小流域源头磷污染的同时应考虑磷的流入负荷及水体底泥的磷吸附能力。     

Ambient halocarbon mixing ratios in 45 Chinese cities

During this study 158 whole air samples were collected in 45 Chinese cities in January and February 2001. The spatial distribution of different classes of halocarbons in the Chinese urban atmosphere, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Halon-1211, and other chlorinated compounds is presented and discussed. Most of these compounds were enhanced compared to background levels. However, the mean enhancement of CFCs was relatively small, with CFC-12 and CFC-11 increases of 6% (range 1–31%) and 10% (range 2–89%), respectively, with respect to the global background. On the contrary, strongly enhanced levels of CFC replacement compounds and halogenated compounds used as solvents were measured. The average Halon-1211 concentration exceeded the background of 4.3 pptv by 75% and was higher than 10 pptv in several cities. Methyl chloride mixing ratios were also strongly elevated (78% higher than background levels), which is likely related to the widespread use of coal and biofuel in China.     

4种改良剂对土壤-黑麦草系统中镉行为的影响

以黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）作为修复植物,开展了石灰、磷灰石、木炭、猪粪4种改良剂对重金属Cd污染土壤的田间原位修复试验研究。结果表明：改良剂提高了土壤pH值并促进土壤Cd从生物可利用性高的形态向迟效态转化,降低对生物和环境的直接毒害作用,促进黑麦草的生长。以黑麦草生物量和Cd富集量的增加作为评价指标,4种改良剂修复Cd污染土壤效果依次为：石灰〉磷灰石〉木炭〉猪粪。石灰处理中黑麦草Cd富集量为13.11 mg,与其他处理均呈现显著差异。污染土壤重金属Cd的化学形态与黑麦草对Cd的吸收密切相关。黑麦草地上部分Cd质量分数,与土壤B-2态Cd呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.730。黑麦草地下部分Cd质量分数,与B-2、B-3态Cd均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.756、0.786;黑麦草地上部分和地下部分Cd质量分数均与B-4态Cd呈极显著负相关关系,相关系数分别为0.757和0.708。     

The urban growth, size distribution and spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of the Yangtze River Delta megalopolitan region, China

As one of the six megalopolitan regions in the world, the Yangtze River Delta is one of the most populated and developed regions of China. The spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urbanization process of the megalopolitan region is investigated. This work compared the spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urban growth for the five urban areas (Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou) in this region. During the 15 years, urban growth patterns were dramatically uneven over three 5-year periods. The size distribution of the five urban areas became more even with the rapid urbanization process. The patterns of urban expansion reflected policy adjustment and economic development throughout the time. Landscape metric analysis across concentric buffer zones was conducted to elucidate the area, shape, size, complexity and configuration of urban expansion. The study indicates the coalescence process occurred during the rapid urban growth from 1990 to 1995 and the moderate growth period from 2000 to 2005, but different urban growth period between 1995 and 2000. The urban growth pattern was coalesced for the Nanjing and Wuxi metropolitan areas and diffused for Shanghai, Suzhou and Changzhou. This approach indicates that the coalescence process was the major growth model for this region in the recent 15 years despite their different size, economic growth and population growth. The diffusion-coalesce dichotomy represent endpoints rather than alternate states of urban growth. This work will be beneficial in understanding the size distribution and urbanization process of the megalopolitan region in China.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils along a rural-urban-rural transect: sources, concentration gradients, and profiles

This study reports concentrations of PBDEs in surface soil samples collected along a 140 km transect across Kuwait to assess the role of urban centers as sources of persistent organic pollutants to the surrounding environment. The ΣPBDE concentrations varied by a factor of ∼250 and ranged from 289 to 80,078 pg g⁻¹ d.w. The concentrations of PBDEs in Kuwait City were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those collected from sites outside the city supporting the hypothesis that urban centers are sources of PBDEs. The congener profiles were dominated by BDE-209, accounting for 93% of the PBDEs in the soil samples. The concentrations of all congeners (except BDE-209) were highly correlated with percent organic carbon (%OC) (p > 0.05) when the data from Kuwait City was omitted from the analysis. These findings suggest that soil concentrations outside the urban centers were close to equilibrium with the atmosphere.     

城市土壤重金属污染研究现状与趋势

阐述了城市土壤重金属的主要来源、空间分布特征、化学形态与影响因素,以及对人体的健康风险与生物效应,指出今后的研究重点与趋势是建立城市土壤重金属污染概念和标准体系,研究其在环境中的迁移转化机制与规律及城市土壤重金属复合污染,发展判源分析新技术.     

“城考”中水环境质量指标的演替及发展

简述了“九五”-“十一五”期间城市环境综合整治定量考核(简称城考)中城市水环境功能区水质达标率指标的定义、内涵,监测指标内容及分类、指标权重及评价标准等因素的变化规律.指出,应重视环境质量指标选择与当前环境污染现状的衔接,补充重金属等环境优先污染物指标为水环境质量监测评价指标.提出了新的筛选原则和指标设计思路.     

城镇化发展与城镇生态环境建设研究

当前城镇化发展与城镇生态环境建设应该有机结合起来,走新型城镇化发展道路,结合绿色发展理念,将绿色、低碳、集约和智能贯彻到其中,从而更好推进城镇化发展。本文对此进行了深入探究,旨在促进城镇经济和社会更好发展。     

An urban pipeline accident model based on system engineering and game theory

Urban pipeline accidents are caused by complex social-technical factors, in which urban communities and pipeline systems are involved. Such accidents can thus be investigated from the viewpoint of system engineering. System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) is a systemic method for safety assessment, which has been adopted in many domains. This approach can provide deep insights of accident causes by considering direct and indirect factors. Meanwhile, competition and cooperation between stakeholders in accidents are observed. Therefore, these parties can also be analyzed with the game theory. That is, stakeholders in STAMP can be regarded as players in game. The aim of this paper is to provide a new insight to analyze urban pipeline accidents by considering both STAMP and game theory. In this paper, we proposed an accident model for urban pipelines, with a case study of China-Qingdao pipeline accident occurred in 2013. We concluded that accident reasons can be investigated in-depth and lessons can be learned from analyzing causal factors by using STAMP. Based on results generated from STAMP, we applied the game theory to analyze roles that government and companies act in the China-Qingdao urban pipeline accident. The results show that current punishment and incentive systems are incomplete, lacking of the driving force and constraining force for the stakeholders involved in the accident.