北京城区河湖水系治理中的问题与建议

简要地回顾北京市近20年河湖水系治理历程中所取得的成就，分析存在的一些主要问题，根据对城区雨水径流非点源污染总量的粗略估算，指出城市雨水径流非点源污染是导致整治后的河湖水系水质恶化最主要的污染因素；结合发达国家对河湖水系治理的一些经验对北京市河湖水系的治理提出几点建议，以期为彻底治理河湖水系的污染提供新的思路，也可供其他城市在治理城市水系污染时参考。     

澳大利亚城市灾害应急反应规划研究

初步分析和整理了澳大利亚灾害学者们对城市灾害应急反应规划编制的一般认识，然后纲要性地介绍了澳大利亚某城市灾害应急反应的总体规划及分项规划．籍以借鉴国外城市灾害管理的有益经验，提高我国灾害应急反应规划的编制水平．     

城市化进程对城市热岛效应因子的对比分析

采用1990～2004年乌鲁木齐市和其郊区的温度差值作为衡量其城市热岛效应的标准,以乌鲁木齐市城市化七项指标作为城市热岛效应的形成因子.通过多元回归模型分析了各热岛效应因子对城市热岛的影响.文章主要结论包括乌鲁木齐市各热岛效应因子时城市热岛的影响是不同的,居民生活条件的改善和公共基础设施的改善减轻了热岛效应的影响,热岛效应也符合环境库兹涅茨曲线规律.     

城市生态支持系统的指标体系设计及实例分析

指出了城市生态支持系统对城市这一复合的人工生态系统可持续发展的重要性。运用层次分析法构建城市生态支持系统的指标体系，采用德尔菲法则确定其权重。以上海为例，设计了评价步骤与方法，对上海城市生态支持系统水平进行了定性、定量的研究分析，并总结了评价结果，进行了优劣分析。     

Access to urban green spaces in Hannover: An exploration considering age groups,recreational nature qualities and potential demand

City dwellers'' accessibility of urban green spaces (UGS) has recently gained immense interest in research and policy. Related scientific studies thus far have focused primarily on spatial distances, largely missing considerations of UGS qualities. We analysed the entire UGS setting of Hannover considering the recreational nature quality and potential demands to identify age-appropriate green spaces by applying a geographic information system analysis of several data sets. Additionally, we assessed the accessibility of UGS for different age groups, varying recreational nature qualities, and potential demands. Results indicate that children and elderly people have poor access to UGS that offers age-related requirements to enable unrestricted nature-based recreation. Nature quality and age-related requirements play a significant role in the assessment of UGS for recreation and accessibility. We conclude that detected vulnerabilities regarding age-related recreation in cities are anchors to mainstream the issue and enhance future planning practices and research.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01808-x.     

基于神经网络综合建模的区域城市群发展脆弱性评价——以滇中城市群为例

城市脆弱性是评价城市发展韧性状况的有效测度。目前我国对于城市脆弱性的研究以运用统计学方法评价特殊城市为主,尚未形成对区域城市群具有普遍适用性的科学客观评价方法。以滇中城市群为例,从环境系统、经济系统、社会系统三个方面综合构建城市脆弱性评价体系,采用熵值法和BP神经网络综合建模方法,对2007—2016年10年间滇中城市群的城市脆弱性进行评价。结果表明:滇中城市群的城市脆弱性总体呈现下降趋势,但城市组团之间差异较大,呈现出发展中的不均衡性。评价结果对滇中城市群韧性发展规划具有重要指导意义,为区域城市群发展脆弱性研究提供一种科学评价方法。     

西藏拉萨市热岛效应及其影响因子分析

采用2001年、2004年以及2007年三年的EOS/MODIS遥感信息反演的地面温度以及多年常规气象观测资料,讨论了拉萨市热岛现象及其可能影响因子。结果表明:(1)热岛强度的年、季节变化呈现逐渐增强的趋势,其中,冬季的热岛强度最强,其次是春季,秋季和夏季的热岛效应较弱;高温区基本位于城市中心或者县城所在地及其周围,低温区主要集中在各县的郊区;近年来拉萨地区的城市高温区域逐渐扩大,有些高温中心可能向某些区域偏移;遥感资料所获取的地表温度与平均气温之间存在一定的正相关性。(2)无论是年变化,还是季节变化,热岛强度都与风速呈正相关,与日照时数呈负相关,与蒸发量的相关在夏季和冬季分别呈正相关、负相关的相反状况;地表温度与植被分布具有较好的负相关关系,即在城区存在较高的地表温度分布和较小的NDVI,过渡到郊区具有温度减小、NDVI增加的特征;随着城市化进程的加剧,建筑面积不断扩大,人类活动明显增加,排放至大气的人为热增加,这些因素都可能导致热岛强度的增强。     

上海臭氧及前体物变化特征与相关性研究

于2010年1~12月期间,在上海城区内采用在线连续观测,分析该地区近地臭氧与其前体物的季节变化规律及相关性,探讨了臭氧浓度与OX和NO₂光解速率之间的关系。结果表明,观测期间,上海地区O₃总超标天数为13天,超标率为3.56%。O₃浓度变化呈现明显的秋冬低、春夏高的季节变化。O₃浓度日变化规律呈典型单峰变化,O₃各前体物呈双峰形分布,冬季O₃与NO_X的相关性最强。对OX的贡献中,秋冬以NO₂为主,春夏以O₃为主;夜间以NO₂为主,白天以O₃为主。臭氧浓度与OX和NO₂光解速率变化规律基本一致。     

Regional water flows – Assessing opportunities for sustainable management

Sustainable water management may strongly benefit from an integrated approach. Additionally, an integrated urban water management policy considering the various urban water flows and the possible interactions between the water sector and the remaining urban activities can benefit if based on an urban metabolism based analysis. This article assesses water flows of Lisbon Metropolitan Area considering the conventional water supply system and wastewater treatment system flows and also the hydrological cycle flows, and proposes a global set of indicators to perform a benchmarking analysis of the 18 municipalities of the region. Results highlighted the heterogeneous nature of the Metropolitan area in terms of water management – either in terms of management entities (predominantly public or municipalized), water consumption (varying from 227.4 l/hab.day in Palmela to 402.7 l/hab.day in Seixal), wastewater treatment (10 out of 18 municipalities already undergo secondary or tertiary wastewater treatments), runoff indices (depending on the municipality's level of urbanization), among other. Through the output volumes it was also assessed the potential of the municipalities to reuse wastewater for potable or non-potable urban uses, as well as the potential to harvest and harness rainwater. The main constraints to an integrated water management were identified and some potential solutions were measured and proposed even though they need further assessment, particularly in a cost-benefit perspective.     

Factors affecting the variability of household water use in Melbourne,Australia

This study investigates the variability of household water use in Melbourne with the aim of improving the current understanding of factors affecting residential water use. This understanding is critical to predicting household water demand, particularly at an appropriate spatial and temporal resolution to support Integrated Urban Water Management based planning and to improve the understanding on how different household water demands respond to demand management strategies. The study used two sets of data each collected from 837 households under significantly different water use conditions in the years 2003 and 2011. Data from each household consist of the household characteristics and quarterly metre readings. Ordinary Least Square regression analysis followed by detailed analysis of each factor was used to identify key factors affecting household water use. The variables studied are household size, typology of dwelling, appliance efficiency, presence of children under 12 years, presence of children aged between 12 and 18 years, tenancy, dwelling age, presence of swimming pool, evaporative cooler, and dishwasher. All of them except presence of children aged between 12 and 18 years, tenancy and dwelling age were identified as variables that contribute to the variability of household water use in Melbourne. The study also found that the explanatory capacity of these variables increases with decreasing water use. This paper also discusses the significance of the explanatory variables, their impact and how they vary over the seasons and years. The variables found in this study can be used to inform improved prediction and modelling of residential water demand. The paper also explores other possible drivers to explain residential water use in light of the moderate explanatory capacity of the variables selected for this study thus, provides useful insights into future research into water demand modelling.