Multiresidue method for high-performance liquid chromatography determination of carbamate pesticides residues in tea samples

A multiresidue method was developed to determine 19 carbamate pesticides in tea samples. Optimizations of different parameters, such as the type of extraction solvents, clean-up cartridges, and elution solvents were carried out. The developed method used acetonitrile as extraction solvent, amino cartridge for adsorbents and acetone-n-hexane as the eluting solution. Nineteen carbamate residues were then analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector. The present results showed good linearity by correlation coefficients of more than 0.9999 for all analyses. Limits of detection and quantification varied from 0.0005–0.023 mg L^{? 1}, 0.008–0.077 mg L^{? 1}, respectively. Recoveries of sixteen carbamate pesticides ranged from 65% to 135% at the spiked level of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L^{? 1}. The relative standard deviations were lower than 20% and coefficient of variations were lower than 15%. The results indicate that the proposed method provides an effective multi and trace level screening determination of carbamate pesticides residues for tea samples.     

Multiresidue determination of pesticides in tea by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An efficient and reliable GC-MS/MS method for the multiresidue determination of pesticides in tea was developed by modifying the Japanese official multiresidue method. Sample preparation was carefully optimized for the efficient removal of coextracted matrix components. The optimal sample preparation procedure involved swelling of the sample in water; extraction with acetonitrile; removal of water by salting-out; and sequential cleanup by ODS, graphitized carbon black/primary secondary amine (GCB/PSA) and silica gel cartridges prior to GC-MS/MS analysis. The recoveries of 162 pesticides from fortified (at 0.01 mg kg^?1) green tea, oolong tea, black tea and matcha (powdered green tea) were mostly (95–98% of the tested pesticides) within the range of 70–120%, with relative standard deviations of <20%. Poor recovery of triazole pesticides was considered to be due to low recovery from the silica gel cartridges. The test solutions obtained by the modified method contained relatively small amounts of pigments, caffeine and other matrix components and were cleaner than those obtained by the original Japanese official multiresidue method. No interfering peaks were observed in the blank chromatograms, indicating the high selectivity of the modified method. The overall results suggest that the developed method is suitable for the quantitative analysis of GC-amenable pesticide residues in tea.     

Trace Metal Contents (Al, Cu and Zn) of Tea: Tea and Soil from Two Tea Plantations, and Tea Products from Different Provinces of China

The present project aims to investigate the possible contamination of teas with the trace metals: Al, Cu and Zn. Tea bushes sampled from two tea plantations in the northern part of Guangdong Province accumulated higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in young leaves, and of Al in old leaves. The analysis of the three metals in tea produced in different provinces indicated higher Al levels in those obtained from Guangdong and Yunnan Provinces, which may be due to the lower soil pH in these areas. Green tea had the lowest Al concentration among the four types of tea studied, as only the bud and two young leaves are used, whereas older leaves are used for other types of tea (black, Oolong and Puerh tea). The transfer of Al, Cu and Zn from soil to different parts of tea bushes was low in general, except for Zn at Lechang tea plantation which next to a Pb/Zn mine, where a higher transfer was observed from young leaves to tea products, indicating possible metal contamination during tea processing. However, low concentrations of Cu and Zn (less than 0.07 mg Cu L^-1 and 0.17 mg Zn L^-1), and moderate amounts of Al (2.1-2.5 mg L^-1) were obtained in the tea liquor (1% hot water extracts).     

大气中O3、CO2浓度升高对蒙古栎叶片生长的影响

以4年生蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica) 幼树为实验材料,分别于2007,2008年6~9月采用开顶箱法,研究了高浓度CO2和O3及复合作用对蒙古栎叶片光合量变化和生长的影响.结果表明,高浓度O3处理下蒙古栎叶片日光合总量降低, 单叶鲜重、干重和单叶面积均有所下降,对蒙古栎叶片生长产生抑制.高浓度CO2处理下,蒙古栎叶片干、鲜重和单叶面积均高于对照,其中2007年差异显著,日光合总量总体高于对照.2种气体复合作用处理下,蒙古栎日光合总量、单叶鲜重、单叶干重、单叶面积均低于对照,且高于O3单独处理,说明高浓度CO2可以通过减缓O3对植物光合的抑制,进而减少O3伤害,缓解生长抑制.     

茶园土壤水溶性氟含量的模拟调控

以湖北英山、大悟、竹山、赤壁和浙江杭州茶园土壤为研究对象,通过施加一定量的CaCO3、CaO、Ca3(PO4)2、CaCl2和CaSO4来调控土壤中水溶性氟含量,结果表明：英山、大悟和竹山茶园土壤中施加一定量的CaCl2或CaSO4均可降低土壤中水溶性氟含量,英山和大悟茶园土壤中可施加1～2 g·kg-1的CaCl2或...     

典型电子拆解地两种指示生物监测重金属污染的对比研究

利用ICP-MS定量测定了温岭市电子垃圾拆解地区的大灰藓及樟树叶中的12种金属元素的含量,对比分析了两种指示生物对不同金属元素的富集情况.结果显示,不同地区样品中的所有金属含量呈现污染区对照区的趋势,其中苔藓中As、Cr、Mn、Se、V和Cd,樟树叶中Cr、Cu、Ni、Se、Sb和Cd的含量呈现重污染区轻度污染区对照区的趋势.拆解区中樟树叶中除Mn以外的金属总含量(所有金属含量之和)要低于苔藓.除Mn、Cr和Se以外的其它9种金属在苔藓中的含量要显著高于樟树叶中的金属含量(p0.05),但苔藓中金属含量的标准偏差要大于樟树叶.由污染因子(pollution factor)的结果表明苔藓及树叶样品中的金属Sn、Sb及Cd的污染因子最高;另外,研究通过比较树叶样品的不同预处理过程对最终含量测定的影响,发现经超纯水清洗的树叶样品中所有金属浓度要明显低于未经清洗的样品,并且标准偏差较低,数值稳定性好.主成分分析结果表明,Co、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sn及Cd为密切相关的一类元素,主要来源于电子废弃物拆解行为,而Mn、As及Se为第二类元素,主要来源于地质因素.     

不同水分条件下土地利用方式对我国热带地区土壤硝化过程及NO和N2O排放的影响

热带地区雨热条件丰富,硝化过程产生的硝态氮不利于氮素养分的保持,同时会带来氮氧化物排放等环境负面效应.橡胶树和茶树在热带地区广泛种植,不同土地利用方式土壤硝化速率和氮氧化物排放的差异尚不清楚.以海南白沙地区典型橡胶林和茶园土壤为研究对象,分别采集5 a （T5）和15 a （T15）茶园土壤和附近橡胶林（XJ）土壤,设置低（50% WFPS-L）和高（80% WFPS-H）两种不同水分含量,在25℃进行71d室内培养试验,探究不同土地利用方式和不同水分含量对土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明：①橡胶林改为茶园后,在高含水量条件下,显著降低了土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放,整体呈现XJH>T15H>T5H的趋势,XJH处理土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放分别高达4.2 mg ·（kg ·d）^-1、1.4 mg ·kg^-1和14.3 mg ·kg^-1（以N计）;在低含水量条件下,茶园土壤显著降低了土壤NO排放,N₂O排放在各土壤间差异不显著,净硝化速率在XJ和T15处理之间无显著差异;土壤NO排放和净硝化速率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.②XJH净硝化速率高于XJL,茶园土壤呈相反趋势;XJ和T15的NO排放对水分的响应和净硝化速率趋势一致,高硝化速率促进NO排放,而T5处理NO排放受含水量影响不显著;相比低含水量处理,高含水量各处理显著促进N₂O排放.结果表明,土壤有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、pH和含水量是影响土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放的关键因子,高含水量条件下橡胶林转为茶园的种植模式显著降低了土壤净硝化速率和对环境的负面影响.     

西藏的环境氟水平与砖茶型氟中毒

为探讨西藏儿童与砖茶型氟中毒的关系,以拉萨为中点,藏北那曲为北部点,定日县为南部点,对这3个地区的土壤、燃料、水源和主要食物进行了氟含量测定.采用世界卫生组织(WHO)和世界粮农组织(FAO)提出的<化学污染物的膳食摄入量研究指南>,进行了食物结构、饮茶习惯、儿童食物摄入量以及儿童每日总摄氟量的调查按美国国家牙科研究所Horowitz提出的标准进行了儿童氟斑牙检查.结果表明,3个调查点均属传统的低氟区,而儿童每日摄氟量高,那曲8.03mg,拉萨6.93mg,定日7.68mg.其原因来自含砖茶的食品酥油茶和糌粑(青稞粉拌砖茶水的食物).这2种食物占日总摄氟量的99.74%(那曲),98.70%(拉萨),99.60%(定日),砖茶氟摄入导致西藏儿童砖茶型氟中毒的流行.氟斑牙患病率分别达到82.66%(那曲),52.89%(拉萨),75.93%(定日),氟斑牙指数表明,那曲、定日属氟中毒重度流行区,拉萨属中度流行区.砖茶型氟中毒是我国近年来发现的氟病新类型,与饮水型、燃煤污染型比较,它具有覆盖面大、隐蔽性强、难以防治的特点,降低砖茶氟含量可能是防治砖茶型氟中毒的最好方式.     

绿化树种叶片中硫元素的含量特征

于2003年研究了昆明市的11个绿化树种叶片中S元素的含量，结果表明，大多数树种叶片中S含量与空气SO2污染的程度有明显的正相关性，可以做为大气中SO2污染监测的树种。     

植茶年限对土壤酸度及其团聚体交换性酸分布的影响

为明晰土壤酸度与团聚体交换性酸对植茶年限的响应特征,采用野外实地调查和室内分析相结合的方法,以植茶16、23、31和53 a的土壤为研究对象,开展不同植茶年限对土壤酸度及其团聚体交换性酸分布的影响.结果表明:①随着植茶年限的延长,土壤pH逐渐降低,交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量均呈升高的趋势.各植茶年限土壤0~20 cm土层pH均低于>20~40 cm土层,而交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量则表现出相反的变化趋势,且交换性氢含量在植茶23 a后的增幅可达21.29%. ②土壤交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量均随团聚体粒径的减小而升高,各粒径团聚体交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量随植茶年限的延长而逐渐升高. ③各植茶年限土壤团聚体交换性氢的分配比例均远低于交换性铝.随团聚体粒径的减小,各植茶年限交换性氢的分配比例均呈升高的趋势,而交换性铝的分配比例则呈降低趋势. 0~20 cm土层各粒径团聚体交换性氢的分配比例均以植茶53 a时较高,为17.97%~19.69%;>20~40 cm土层各粒径团聚体交换性氢的分配比例以植茶16 a时较高,为19.51%~22.77%,而各粒径团聚体交换性铝的分配比例则呈相反的趋势.研究显示,长期植茶会导致土壤酸化,随着植茶年限的延长,土壤pH逐渐降低,交换性氢、交换性铝和交换性酸含量均升高,不同粒径团聚体对交换性酸的保持能力存在明显差异.