Free radicals and chromosome aberrations in leaves of woody plants as a test system for the genotoxicity of the urban environment

A new method for estimating the genotoxicity of the urban environment is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) rate in leaves of woody plants. The mutagenicity of the urban environment was estimated using standard test systems, including plant root meristem (kidney beans germinated in water with suspended particles collected at different points along the Temernik River) and the Ames test (silt samples were tested). Sensitivities of elm, willow, and poplar leaf meristem cells to unidentified environmental mutagenes were compared. Frequencies of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in leaves of woody plants growing at different points along the Temernik River within the Rostov-on-Don city districts differed from those in the control zone. The frequency of CAs was found to correlate with the concentration of LPO products. This allows a biochemical estimation of the malonic dialdehyde (MDA) concentration in woody plants to be used as an express test for the mutagenicity of environmental factors. An advantage of the proposed test is the possibility of monitoring the level of unidentified environmental mutagens over many years, independently of its sporadic temporal variations.     

Groundwater-soil-crop relationship with respect to arsenic contamination in farming villages of Bangladesh--a preliminary study

To clarify the groundwater-soil-crop relationship with respect to arsenic (As) contamination, As concentration was measured in tubewell (TW) water, surface soil from farmyards and paddy fields, and fresh taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaves from farmyards in the farming villages of Bangladesh. The As concentration in TW water from farmyards was at least four times higher than the Bangladesh drinking water standard, and the concentration in fresh taro leaves was equal to or higher than those reported previously for leafy vegetables in Bangladesh. As concentration of surface soils in both farmyards and paddy fields was positively correlated with that of the TW water. Further, the concentration in surface soil was positively correlated with levels in fresh taro leaves in the farmyard. This study, therefore, clarified the groundwater-soil-crop relationship in farmyards and the relationship between groundwater-soil in paddy fields to assess the extent of As contamination in Bangladeshi villages.     

不同溶剂的竹叶提取物抗氧化活性研究

采用石油醚、氯仿、乙醇和水作为提取溶剂,对竹叶提取物的抗氧化活性进行了研究,表明不同溶剂的竹叶提取物对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除能力,且随着浓度的增大而增强。对羟自由基的清除能力大小依次为石油醚〉氯仿〉乙醇〉水,对超氧阴离子自由基清除能力大小依次为氯仿〉乙醇〉石油醚〉水,还原能力大小依次为石油醚〉氯仿〉水〉乙醇。     

竹叶与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化工艺

将黄金竹和毛竹的竹叶分别与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化,通过分析消化过程中的产气量、pH、COD、NH4+-N和VFAs变化,探讨添加不同竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加毛竹叶显著增强了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化能力.毛竹叶+餐厨垃圾组的总产气量是餐厨垃圾对照组单独厌氧消化总产气量的3.28倍,甲烷总产量为10.1 L,COD去除率高达83.0％.而添加黄金竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响则不明显,可能因为黄金竹叶在消化过程中释放了大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),造成体系酸中毒.     

Sorption and photodegradation of chlorpyrifos on riparian and aquatic macrophytes

Surface water bodies may become contaminated via spray drift following pesticide application. In this investigation, the photodegradation and sorption of chlorpyrifos was studied in four riparian macrophytes representative of Mediterranean flora (Phragmites australis, Iris pseudacorus, Equisetum pratense and Typha latifolia). The results of experiments with both the active ingredient and the formulation DURSBAN 48® EC confirm the ability of these species to interact with chemicals such as chlorpyrifos. The maximum sorption of chlorpyrifos at equilibrium was observed in Phragmites australis (22%). And, the maximum instantaneous sorption of chlorpyrifos was observed in the dried biomass of Phragmites australis (49%). The epicuticular waxes present on leaves influence photodegradation processes, resulting in a decrease in chlorpyrifos persistence depending on the nature of the extract. The half-life of chlorpyrifos residues in leaf waxes decreased from 34 to 99 minutes when irradiated.     

Low-heat alkaline pretreatment of biomass for dairy anaerobic codigestion

In this research, low-heat alkaline pretreatment was evaluated to determine the extent to which urban landscape waste (yard waste), corn stover, and switchgrass could be codigested under conditions typical of US farm-based anaerobic digestion (AD). Waste heat from combined heat and power (CHP) units associated with AD could make such pretreatment economical. Short-term batch digestion studies and 8-week continuous-feed studies were used to screen and evaluate various pretreatment conditions. Results indicate that maple and oak leaves did not digest well, even with pretreatment. Pretreatment did improve digestion of corn leaves and stalks as well as switchgrass. However, these materials also digested reasonably well even without pretreatment. No digester operational problems were observed during continuous-feed studies of intermittently stirred bench top digesters, but optimal levels of alkali, temperature, and pretreatment time may be specific to the feedstock, particle size, and digester loading rate. Results suggest that some common lignocellulosic biomass materials, such as corn stover and switchgrass, could be successfully codigested in many existing farm-based digesters. Interestingly, without pretreatment, switchgrass digestion improved over 20-fold when digested with seed culture from a dairy digester compared to seed culture from a municipal digester, suggesting that culture acclimation could be as important as pretreatment in improving digestion of specific lignocellulosic feedstocks.     

Behavior of pyrimethanil,pyraclostrobin, boscalid,cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues on raspberry fruit and leaves of Laszka variety

The purpose of the research conducted was to investigate and evaluate the behavior of pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, the active ingredients of selected fungicides and insecticides, on ripe fruit and in fully developed leaves of raspberry of the Laszka variety. The field trial was carried out in the period of one month starting from the first fruit picking. The results obtained indicated that residue levels on the day of the first crop picking did not even approximate the corresponding EU-MRLs (http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides). Individual substances in raspberry fruits and leaves disappeared at a similar rate. As a result of chlorpyrifos application to the soil, its residue in fruits and leaves occurred for the whole period of fruit bearing, though in fruit they dropped successively. To produce raspberries with residues below or equal to 0.01 μg g^?1, the application of pesticides should be stopped at least 2–3 weeks before the first crop picking, and on condition that an appropriate preparation (active in low doses) is applied to the last treatments.     

中国茶叶中的氟近十年来的研究进展

主要对茶叶中氟的来源,氟含量,氟浸出率以及茶叶降氟措施研究作了详细的综述。大量的研究资料表明,土壤中的氟直接影响到茶叶中氟的含量,茶树吸收氟与土壤的pH值、有机质含量、粘粒含量、成土母质及土壤中的阳离子有关。大气污染影响茶叶氟含量主要是氟通过叶片气孔进入细胞,进而在茶树体内积累。水环境中氟的含量主要受土壤与大气环境的影响。茶叶中的氟含量随着叶片成熟度的增加而增加;茶叶等级越差,氟含量越高;原料粗老的茶类氟含量要比原料较嫩的茶类氟含量高;不同季节、茶树品种对氟吸收也存在差异性;茶树各部位氟累积强度依次为:叶>花蕾>籽>皮>细枝>骨干枝>细根>茎(主轴)>茎(主干)>主根>侧根;茶叶中氟浸出率与冲泡水温、冲泡时间、冲泡次数等有关。在茶叶加工过程中可以通过热水处理,添加化学试剂,改进生产工艺等措施来降低茶叶中的氟含量。此外,尚可以培育含氟量低的茶树品种。     

北京市常见树种叶片吸滞颗粒物能力时间动态研究

目前,以显微镜观察叶片微观结构已被证明是研究叶片吸滞颗粒物机理的有效方法.本文利用颗粒物再悬浮法和原子力显微镜,观察了北京市主要园林树种吸滞颗粒物的能力和叶片的表面特征,并探讨了不同树种吸滞颗粒物能力随时间变化的规律及叶片微观结构对滞尘能力的影响.结果表明:1针叶树种吸滞总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)能力大于阔叶树种,排序为:油松((27.13±0.44)μg·cm~(-2))白皮松((10.74±0.23)μg·cm~(-2))五角枫((8.24±0.18)μg·cm~(-2))柳树((7.71±0.18)μg·cm~(-2))银杏((6.43±0.17)μg·cm~(-2))杨树((6.17±0.19)μg·cm~(-2)),不同时间段树种滞尘能力不一致;2观测期间,针叶树种吸滞TSP和粗颗粒物(PM10)能力随月份呈U型趋势,在8、9和10月最低,随后又逐渐上升,而阔叶树种吸滞颗粒物能力则呈倒U型趋势,在7、8月最高,但不同树种吸滞细颗粒物(PM2.5)能力随时间变化均无明显规律性;3通过对叶片表面原子力显微镜(AFM)结构观测发现,叶片表面粗糙度越大,其吸滞颗粒物能力越强.     

榕树叶对铀吸附的研究

为探讨榕树叶对铀的吸附特性 ,考察 pH、吸附时间、含重金属溶液浓度对吸附能力的影响 ,绘制出吸附等温线 ,并求出Langmuir曲线和Freundlich曲线相应方程 .结果表明 :榕树叶在pH =3 ,吸附时间t=2 0min时吸附铀的能力最高 .重金属离子浓度越高 ,榕树叶的吸附量越高。