茶饮料类项目水环境影响评价

以武汉加多宝饮料公司王老吉茶饮料的环境影响评价为例,介绍了茶饮料类项目水环境影响评价的内容和要点,提出了改进措施和建议,为其他茶饮料类项目的环境影响评价提供参考和借鉴.     

Epiphytic Lichens and Tree Leaves As Biomonitors of Trace Elements Released By Geothermal Power Plants

Leaves of the oak, Quercus cerris, and thalli of the epiphytic lichen, Parmelia caperata, from the Travale-Radicondoli geothermal area (central Italy) were analyzed for their trace elements (As, B, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn). the results showed that concentrations of arsenic and boron in leaf and lichen samples were higher than in remote areas. the mean concentrations of many trace elements were higher in lichens than in oak leaves, suggesting that these organisms can be used in similar biomonitoring studies. the levels of boron and manganese were higher in tree leaves, so that for these two elements, the higher plant foliage could constitute a better biomonitor than lichens. the correlations found between the concentrations of cadmium and manganese in leaves and lichens suggests foliar leaching and washing of the elements down the tree trunk, where lichens may intercept them.     

铝对茶叶叶片主要化学成分的影响

以茶树2个品种(雁荡毛峰和知仁早茶)为研究材料,采用溶液培养法,研究了铝对茶叶叶片主要化学成分(茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸和维生素C)的影响。结果表明,水培下,10～100mg·L-1质量浓度的铝可显著提高茶多酚的质量分数,与对照相比,50mg·L-1质量浓度下雁荡毛峰茶多酚的质量分数提高了180%,知仁早茶提高了100.6%;10～50mg·L-1质量浓度的铝可提高咖啡碱、氨基酸的质量分数,但100mg·L-1质量浓度下显著降低了咖啡碱和氨基酸的质量分数,雁荡毛峰降低了5.3%、25.8%,知仁早茶降低了2%、7.2%;不同质量浓度的铝对维生素C的质量分数影响不大;低质量浓度的铝处理降低茶树的丙二醛质量分数,而高质量浓度的铝处理(100mg·L-1)提高了丙二醛质量分数。结果证明水培条件下,10～50mg·L-1铝可明显提高茶叶品质,100mg·L-1质量浓度会降低茶叶品质。     

闽中某矿区县茶园土壤和茶叶重金属含量及健康风险

以闽中某矿区县茶园表层土壤（0~20cm）为研究对象,采集了25份茶园土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co的含量,分别利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险程度进行评价;同时收集矿区茶叶企业23个商品茶样品,利用美国国家环保署（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型进行人体重金属健康风险评价.结果表明：（1）矿区茶园表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co平均含量分别为110、23.5、23.0、107、50.7、78.0、0.23和14.3mg/kg,均明显高于福建省土壤背景值;（2）茶园土壤地累积指数（I_geo）表现为As > Cd > Cr > Pb > Zn > Co > Ni > Cu,As属于重度污染,Cd和Cr属于中度污染,其它5种重金属元素污染风险较低;（3）单项潜在生态风险系数（E）的大小顺序依次为Cd > As > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cu > Zn,土壤Cd属于很强生态风险,土壤As属于较强生态风险,其余属于轻微生态风险.8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）平均值为255.74,属于较强风险级别,Cd和As是最主要的潜在生态风险因子.（4）商品茶中重金属Cr和Cd含量均低于限量标准,个别茶样中Cu、As和Pb含量超标,说明茶叶中重金属含量总体处于安全级别;（5）健康风险评价结果表明,茶叶中重金属元素健康个人年风险总和为1.01×10^-4~9.07×10^-5,乌龙茶的个人年风险总和稍高于美国环境保护署（USEPA）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（1.0×10^-4）,红茶和绿茶低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平;茶叶中重金属元素健康风险以Cr为主,平均贡献率为90.38%,是主要的风险元素,其余重金属元素处于安全范围之内.     

ICP-AES法测定茶汤中重金属的方法研究

为有效测定茶汤中有害重金属元素,文章采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法,测定了茶汤中的Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cr,Cd等重金属元素含量。在回收试验中,铜的平均回收率为101%,镉的平均回收率为95.4%,锰的平均回收率为118%,镍的平均回收率为87.4%,铁的平均回收率为118%。实验结果表明:该方法快速简单,有助于推广和应用。     

施用碱渣对茶园土壤酸度和茶叶品质的影响

开展田间小区试验研究了不同施用量条件下碱渣对酸化茶园土壤的酸度和茶叶品质的影响.结果表明,施用碱渣可以显著提高土壤pH、土壤交换性盐基和盐基饱和度,降低土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量,并使土壤中钙、镁养分保持合理比例.施用碱渣提高了茶叶中茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸和叶绿素含量,降低了茶叶中铅含量,使茶叶品质得到改善.碱渣施用量为4 500 kg·hm-2时,可将土壤pH值调节至5.51,达到最适合茶树生长的酸度条件,该条件下生产的茶叶品质也最佳,茶叶茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸和叶绿素含量分别比对照提高22.5%、27.8%、34.9%、69.0%和52.1%,而Pb含量下降51.2%.     

茶叶挥发物对白斑猎蛛觅食行为的影响

为了探明茶树叶片挥发物在白斑猎蛛(Evarcha albaria)选择觅食斑块过程中的作用,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究了其猎物假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis)取食对茶树叶片挥发物释放的影响,同时利用蜘蛛行为观测平台研究了白斑猎蛛在不同味源侧(觅食斑块)的活动行为。结果表明,未损伤叶片(对照)仅释放出微量挥发物,而假眼小绿叶蝉成虫取食后的茶树叶片释放出14种挥发物;雌、雄蛛在进入处理味源(假眼小绿叶蝉取食后的茶树叶片)侧和对照侧的初次选择及进入频次上均无显著差异,但与对照相比,雌、雄蛛在虫害处理叶片中的停留时间显著增加。研究表明,假眼小绿叶蝉取食诱导了茶树叶片挥发物的释放,而挥发物种类和含量的变化造成了白斑猎蛛在不同味源侧停留时间的差异。     

Accumulation of Fluoride and Aluminium Related to Different Varieties of Tea Plant

Samples of young shoot, mature leaf, twig, root, and litter were taken from four recently bred varieties Zhe-nong 113, Zhe-nong 121, Zi-sun, and Bi-feng grown at two tea plantations located at Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces. The results showed that the concentrations of F and Al in tea plants were significantly different among the four varieties. It is therefore possible that F and Al concentrations in tea products can be reduced through variety selection. The results also revealed that old leaves would be the major contribution to the high levels of F and Al in brick tea since it is produced mainly for old leaves. Therefore, in order to eliminate the hazard of over-exposure to F and Al derived from tea, younger shoot should be used for making tea products while mature leaves should be avoided.     

苗期玉米根叶对干旱胁迫的生理响应

采用人工控制水分的方法,研究了干旱胁迫下苗期玉米(ZeamaysL.)根系和叶片的生理指标,用以明确苗期玉米根系和叶片对干旱的生理响应。研究结果表明,苗期中度干旱胁迫处理条件下,玉米根系和叶片均表现出对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并各具特点。与对照相比,干旱胁迫使玉米根系和地上部的生物量降低,叶片中的叶绿素含量显著降低、叶片光合面积减小,根冠比增大。干旱胁迫使玉米根系比表面积增大,根系氧化活力和还原活力增强。干旱胁迫导致玉米叶片的光合功能降低,初始荧光升高,初始光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的原初光能转换效率、PSⅡ潜在活性、潜在光合作用活力均受到抑制。干旱胁迫下玉米叶片和根系脂质过氧化作用增强,根系和叶片中的游离脯氨酸含量升高。     

NF-κB and AP-1 as molecular targets for chemoprevention with EGCG, a review

There are multiple lines of compelling evidence, mostly from population-based studies, supporting that green tea consumption is associated with reduced risk of several human malignancies. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a major antioxidant present in green tea. Chemopreventive effects of EGCG have been extensively investigated and well documented. These include inhibition of metabolic activation of carcinogens and/or stimulation of their detoxification, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, induction of apoptosis or differentiation of malignant or transformed cells, suppression of tumor promotion, inhibition of angiogenesis or metastasis, etc. EGCG targets many intracellular signaling molecules and events responsible for malignant transformation or abnormal cell proliferation, and NF-κB and AP-1 appear to be two of most potential targets of EGCG in its exerting chemopreventive activities.