A novel strategy for gas mitigation during swine manure odour treatment using seaweed and a microbial consortium

• Comprehensive mitigation of gas emissions from swine manure was investigated. • Additives addition for mitigation of gas from the manure has been developed. • Sargassum horneri, seaweed masking strategy controlled gas by 90%-100%. • Immediate reduction in emitted gas and improving air quality has been determined. • Microbial consortium with seaweed completely controlled gas emissions by 100%. Gas emissions from swine farms have an impact on air quality in the Republic of Korea. Swine manure stored in deep pits for a long time is a major source of harmful gas emissions. Therefore, we evaluated the mitigation of emissions of ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and amine gases from swine manure with biological products such as seaweed (Sargassum horneri) and a microbial consortium (Bacillus subtilis (1.2 × 10⁹ CFU/mL), Thiobacillus sp. (1.0 × 10¹⁰ CFU/mL) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.0 × 10⁹ CFU/mL)) used as additives due to their promising benefits for nutrient cycling. Overall, seaweed powder masking over two days provided notable control of over 98%-100% of the gas emissions. Furthermore, significant control of gas emissions was especially pronounced when seaweed powder masking along with a microbial consortium was applied, resulting in a gas reduction rate of 100% for NH₃, amines and H₂S over 10 days of treatment. The results also suggested that seaweed powder masking and a microbial consortium used in combination to reduce the gas emissions from swine manure reduced odour compared with that observed when the two additives were used alone. Without the consortium, seaweed decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The proposed novel method of masking with a microbial consortium is promising for mitigating hazardous gases, simple, and environmentally beneficial. More research is warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying the seaweed and substrate interactions.     

不同HRT下污水中有机物在ABR中的转化过程及污泥形态特征

采用效果检测、粒径分布与电镜扫描等方法,研究厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）在不同水力停留时间（HRT）下污水中有机物（COD）的转化过程及污泥形态变化特征.结果表明,HRT从15 h到4 h的各运行阶段,COD去除率稳定在90.0%以上.沿程分析表明,当HRT为10、7.5、5和4 h时,ABR第一隔室分别承担约90%、78.56%、74.18%及58.91%的去碳比重,且承担COD去除的主要功能隔室由第一隔室过渡到第一、二隔室.随着HRT缩短,ABR第一隔室中挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）总量显著上升.组成分析知,乙酸在总VFAs的比重由51.36%逐渐升高至58.77%,丁酸、丙酸含量相对较少,变化较小.随着运行时间推移,ABR中污泥形态发生显著变化,到111 d时,基本实现颗粒化;同时,沿水流方向颗粒化程度呈递减趋势.扫描电镜（SEM）观察显示,ABR一定程度上存在生物相分离现象,各隔室分别以丝状菌、甲烷多球菌、单球菌和杆菌为主.     

Reducing ammonia emissions and volatile fatty acids in poultry litter with liquid aluminum chloride

This study was a pen trial in which the effects of adding different rates of liquid aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) on litter pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and ammonia (NH₃) fluxes was evaluated. Liquid AlCl₃ treatments used in this study were sprayed on the rice hull surface at rates of 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls; untreated rice hulls served as controls. Litter pH, total VFAs, and NH₃ fluxes were all lowered (P< 0.05) by all of the liquid AlCl₃ treatments compared with controls during certain times of the 5 week study. However, there were no significant differences among treatments on litter pH at the end of the study (from 3 to 5 weeks) or NH₃ fluxes at beginning of the study (0 to 3 weeks). Total VFAs were reduced 16 %, 29 %, and 53 % by 100 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls, 200 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls, and 300 g liquid AlCl₃/kg rice hulls, respectively. Liquid AlCl₃additions reduced NH₃ fluxes by 35 %, 57 % and 67 %, respectively, at the low, medium and high rates. In summary, these results indicate that adding liquid aluminum chloride to rice hulls would be a useful tool in reducing the negative environmental impact of poultry litter. It should be noted that the decreased VFA production and NH₃ volatilization was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH.     

Upgrading VFAs bioproduction from waste activated sludge via co-fermentation with soy sauce residue

SSR addition upgraded VFAs production from WAS. Structure modification by pretreatments led to performance distinctions. Distinctions in microbial community was observed by pretreatments selection. Up to 0.49‒0.65 billion €/year of market value potential was preliminary estimated. Conditioning of extra carbon sources has been widely reported to facilitate fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS). Soy sauce residue (SSR) was a relatively untapped carbon source for sludge conditioning. This batch study aimed to evaluate the possible implementation of SSR for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production from WAS. To upgrade the bioavailability of feedstock, three typical pretreatment methods were conducted, i.e., ammonium hydroxide (AH), sulfuric acids (SA) and thermal assisted alkaline (TA). AH pretreated test (AH-PT) outperformed due to a relatively strong structure decomposition of cellulosic materials as revealed by infrared spectroscopic analysis and crystal index. As a result, performed a high hydrolysis rate of 4449 mg COD/d, 1.12-1.23-fold higher than that in TA and SA pretreated tests (TA-PT and SA-PT), and 7.8-fold higher than that in the Control test. Meanwhile, a volatile fatty acids (VFAs) contribution of 401.2 mg COD/g SSR∙L and a maximum acidification rate of 3.59 d^-1 was recorded, with a high sum proportion of mall molecular acetic and propionic 82.2%, 11% ‒70% increase over the other three tests. Besides, speciation process characterized with functional genus differentiation was identified by microbial diversity and distribution investigation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Finally, a potential market value of 0.49‒0.65 Billion €/year was preliminary estimated, showing promise of resource recovery from both WAS and SSR instead of extensive disposal.     

投碱种类和氨吹脱对污泥碱性发酵产酸的影响

采用完全混合式厌氧反应器,比较了NaOH和Ca(OH)2 2种碱试剂对污泥厌氧发酵产酸的作用效果,结合氨吹脱作用考察了NH4+浓度的降低对各有机物水解酸化程度的影响.结果表明在pH值为10的条件下,以NaOH调节的体系中各种有机物尤其是挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的量明显高于以Ca(OH)2调节的体系.Ca(OH)2调节的体系中释放出的蛋白质有部分沉淀,磷酸盐含量也较低,小于40mg/L;氨吹脱的体系发酵液中氨氮含量减少了43%,增大了VFAs的积累量;在NaOH和氨吹脱的组合条件下,污泥水解酸化程度最好,SCOD为6732mg/L,蛋白质为2029mg/L,碳水化合物374mg/L,VFAs总量2545mg/L,且氨氮含量低于200mg/L;分析认为氨吹脱作用增大VFAs积累量的原因主要是NH4+浓度的减小,促进了产酸菌对于碳水化合物的发酵.     

超声波预处理对餐厨垃圾产VFAs的影响

采用超声波预处理餐厨垃圾以提高产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)产率.结果表明,在超声强度720W/L下处理15min后,餐厨垃圾SCOD含量比原样中SCOD提高了1倍,其中有机质中碳水化合物溶出量最大,由原样中8.2g/L提高到处理后的43.5g/L;在pH=6、温度35℃条件下,对含固率约为12%的餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵,未预处理和超声处理后的餐厨垃圾产生的VFAs最大值分别达到33.4,42.5g/L,经超声预处理的餐厨垃圾产VFAs的量提高了27.2%.