基于CVM的南昌城市河湖生态服务功能价值评估

条件价值评估法(CVM)是当前可用于确定环境物品非市场的和非使用价值的有效方法.在分析南昌市城市河湖生态环境问题的基础上,采用条件价值评估法,共回收194份单边界二分式CVM有效问卷,研究了南昌城市河湖生态系统服务改善的支付意愿及其经济价值.研究表明:1)南昌市城区河湖生态系统服务改善的平均支付意愿约为105.83元/...     

Estimating willingness to pay for a hypothetical earthquake early warning systems

The development of reliable, accessible, and transparent earthquake early warning systems (EEWSs) for disaster reduction have been given increased priority at local, national, and international levels. Accurately quantifying the social and economic benefits accrued to households and businesses from EEWSs are a challenging and difficult task. In this paper, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is used to evaluate the benefits of a hypothetical EEWS to the citizens of Tehran Metropolitan. This study clarifies public willingness to pay (WTP) for EEWS in Tehran, and the dominant factors involved in WTP through a CVM analysis. The survey, completed by more than 504 households, showed that on average households are willing to pay 367,471 Rials (38 US$) per month for the hypothetical EEWS. Those willing to pay the most for EEWS are households, which currently possess a fire alarm. Also the more educated the respondents and the more children the respondents have, the more willing they are to pay for EEWS. These results could be used by policy makers and technology firms in order to determine the optimal investments in early warning systems for earthquake disaster reduction.     

Assumptions in ecosystem service assessments: Increasing transparency for conservation

Conservation efforts are increasingly supported by ecosystem service assessments. These assessments depend on complex multi-disciplinary methods, and rely on a number of assumptions which reduce complexity. If assumptions are ambiguous or inadequate, misconceptions and misinterpretations may arise when interpreting results of assessments. An interdisciplinary understanding of assumptions in ecosystem service science is needed to provide consistent conservation recommendations. Here, we synthesise and elaborate on 12 prevalent types of assumptions in ecosystem service assessments. These comprise conceptual and ethical foundations of the ecosystem service concept, assumptions on data collection, indication, mapping, and modelling, on socio-economic valuation and value aggregation, as well as about using assessment results for decision-making. We recommend future assessments to increase transparency about assumptions, and to test and validate them and their potential consequences on assessment reliability. This will support the taking up of assessment results in conservation science, policy and practice.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01379-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Using local knowledge to model asymmetric preference formation in willingness to pay for environmental services

This paper describes an approach to account for asymmetric preference formation in discrete choice models used for environmental valuation. The paper draws on data from a case study on preferences for environmental change resulting from a hypothetical rural development and conservation programme in Indonesia. Local knowledge on the current state of the environment was used to define an individual-specific status quo that consistently frames changes in a range of environmental services as gains or losses matching the perceptions of the local population living in the vicinity of a National Park. I estimated choice models that included separate parameters for increases and decreases in attribute levels for the environmental services and derived the indicators of local willingness to pay (WTP) corresponding to the bidirectional changes relative to the individual-specific status quo option. I found clear evidence of an asymmetric response to increase and decrease in attribute levels relative to the status quo. Ignoring asymmetric preference formation can therefore result in biased estimates of WTP indicators and welfare measures of change in cases where the outcomes of environmental programmes can plausibly result in both an increase and a decrease relative to a reference option. Compared to a symmetrical modelling approach, the combination of simultaneously accounting for asymmetric preference formation and preference heterogeneity in the choice model yielded additional insights that may be used to inform the development of local strategies towards biodiversity conservation.     

Market and nonmarket values of the Georgia landscape

Natural landscapes produce goods and services, such as fish, wildlife, recreation, climate control, that are not adequately incorporated in their market values. Contingent Valuation (CV) and Energy Analysis (EA) approaches were used to estimate the nonmarket value of forests in Georgia. Both methods yielded similar estimates of approximately $200 ha^–1, which was 31% of the total market and nonmarket value of forests. Energy analysis was also used to estimate the nonmarket value of the major land uses in Georgia. Relative contributions of nonmarket value to total value ranged from 0.1% for urban areas to approximately 100% for wetlands. For the state as a whole, nonmarket production of natural and developed ecosystems was estimated at $2.6 billion. This value is comparable to annual marketed agricultural ($2.8 billion) and timber ($4.5 billion) production, both very important industries in Georgia. Changing land use patterns in Georgia and elsewhere are likely to be accompanied by shifts in the relative importances of market and non-market values.     

Valuing eco-assets: A note on valuation methods

SUMMARY

The valuation of eco-assets should take into account the perceptions and judgments of the public. However, the value of eco-assets based on conventional calculations has often been unreliable as a result of differing situations and individuals involved. Therefore, a reasonable and efficient method for valuing eco-assets is needed. In this paper, a brief summary of the history of valuing eco-assets is provided, followed by a summary of conventional methods of valuation. This summary of the currently used methods revealed that they do not take into account the effect of the stage and development of the population determining the value of the eco-assets. Therefore, we have developed a social development stage coefficient (l), based on Engel's coefficient. A new valuation method was then created by integrating the development stage coefficient (l) with a conventional model. Finally, possible future strategies for valuing eco-assets are discussed.     

Valuation of crop genetic resources in Kaski, Nepal: farmers' willingness to pay for rice landraces conservation

Crop genetic resources constitute an important aspect of biodiversity conservation, both because of their direct value to the farmers and due to their indirect global value. This study uses the contingent valuation method to document the economic value of crop genetic resources based on the farmers' willingness to pay for conservation. A total of 107 households in Kaski, Nepal were surveyed in November 2003. Their mean willingness to pay was USD 4.18 for in situ and USD 2.20 for ex situ conservation per annum. Landholding size, household size, education level, socio-economic status, sex of respondent, number of crop landraces grown, and knowledge on biodiversity influenced the willingness to pay for in situ conservation, whereas only landholding size and household size influenced the willingness to pay for ex situ conservation. The respondents were willing to contribute more for in situ than ex situ conservation because of the additional effect of direct use and direct involvement of the farmers in in situ conservation. This study supports the view that economic valuation of crop genetic resources can assist the policy makers in setting conservation priorities.     

生态系统服务内涵、价值评估与GIS表达

生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态经济学领域的研究热点,为解决生态系统之于人类的重要性提供了量化的参考,也是生态补偿机制建立的重要依据.近5年国际上SCI论文发表数量以年均40%速度增长,我国研究起步于上世纪90年代末,十年来发展迅速,从对国外研究的简单模仿逐渐转向对评估模型参数的修正及对技术方法的适应性集成与发展.生态系统服务的内涵研究不断推进,在阐释“自然组分-生态过程-生态功能-生态服务.获得利益”关系上呈现多种观点,相应地提出了不同的价值评估指标体系;生态系统服务价值评估以瞬时静态为主,动态评估略显不足;研究对象从大尺度和单一生态系统逐渐转向中尺度区域,评估结果表现形式从单一数值化向基于GIS的空间表达发展.在回顾全球范围生态系统服务评估研究成果的基础上,从研究区域分布与学科特点、内涵及分类、评估方法和GIS技术应用等四大方面进行归纳分析,并从生态系统管理和决策支持需求的角度,指出生态系统评估研究已取得显著进展,但有关生态系统服务的内涵与分类、生态系统服务价值的动态评估及GIS技术的应用研究仍待深入.     

Evidence of variable discount rates and non-standard discounting in mortality risk valuation

Time discounting is central to the valuation of future health and mortality risks in public sector allocative decision-making, particularly for environmental policies with delayed health impacts. Using a Risk-Risk trade-off survey, we elicit discount rates for fatality risks and establish discounting functional forms on both a sample and an individual level. We find wide variation in implicit discount rates for fatality risk between individuals, as well as between-individual heterogeneity in discounting functional forms. In aggregate, the sample is best characterised by subadditive discounting. Our work has implications for the academic investigation of intertemporal choice involving mortality risks, and potentially for the evaluation of policy options with delayed mortality risk outcomes. A thought experiment cautions against the standard practice of assuming that exponential discounting characterises society's time preferences.     

长春市水环境生态系统服务功能价值评估

生态系统服务不是无偿提供的，而是用货币量算，价值不菲。对长春市水生态系统的5项服务功能进行估算累加。可以得出目前长春市水生态系统服务每年价值在62599．35万元之上。比1990年的水生态系统服务价值有所削减。也就是说，在过去10a间，长春市水生环境给人们提供的福利在减少。因为各技术和学科本身的局限，所得值只能作为决策者的参考，而更精确的结果需要更合理的方法和更深入广泛的研究。