氟污染对蔬菜的影响及其防治途径的研究

通过对上海市郊十个工厂附近的大气、降尘、水、土壤、蔬菜和人尿等生态因素含氟量的调查研究,证明各厂排放的氟化物对附近的蔬菜生产和人体健康都有不同程度的影响。其污染的严重程度与各厂的排放强度以及与厂外的距离有密切关系,并对污染源的治理、减少蔬菜的损失和保障人体的健康提山一些合理的建议。     

海口市蔬菜土壤重金属含量特征研究

采用野外调查法结合实验室分析法对海口市郊区蔬菜土壤重金属含量特征进行研究,测定了Cr、As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、和Hg 8种重金属全量、有效态含量及蔬菜土壤pH值和有机质含量,重金属全量与有效态含量间的相关性及土壤pH值,有机质含量与蔬菜土壤中重金属全量间的相关性。结果表明,海口市蔬菜土壤中各种重金属均表现出一定的累积趋势;8种重金属元素有效态含量与全量呈正相关,重金属有效态占全量比例在1.86%~13.47%之间,其中Cd、Pb和Hg较高,分别为13.47%、10.23%和8.42%,三者表现出较大的潜在污染风险;土壤p H值和有机质含量与重金属全量表现出一定的相关性,相关性大小与重金属种类有关;重金属全量并不能全面正确评价土壤的环境效应,对蔬菜土壤重金属污染程度进行评价时,应把重金属全量、有效态含量与土壤基本理化性质结合起来进行研究。     

铬渣对地下水、土壤、蔬菜污染机制的研究

本文对沈阳市化工石油厂（现为石油化工二厂），在６０年代产生废铬渣６０００余吨．由于铬渣堆放不合理，经过风吹雨淋造成了周围环境污染，导致了沈海菜田的地下水．土壤、蔬菜受到严重污染．通过专项调研，全面剖析了铬渣中的六价铬对地下水、土壤、蔬菜的污染规律．     

成都地区蔬菜中重金属污染分析与评价

通过对成都地区的9种蔬菜152个样品的可食部分中重金属元素的分析研究，查明了蔬菜中重金属汞、砷、铅、锡的含量及分布特征。结果表明，锡和铅是成都地区蔬菜中的主要污染元素，在检测的蔬菜样品中，锡和铅的超标率分别为29．4％和22％，最高超标分别为5.60倍和2.86倍，汞和砷无超标现象。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

连云港市典型蔬菜基地土壤中重金属和有机氯污染调查与评价

对连云港市3个典型蔬菜基地土壤中汞、铅等金属元素以及六六六、DDT和BaP等20种污染因子进行了调查,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数及综合污染指数等相结合的方法进行了评价。结果表明,部分点位Pb和DDT等含量超标,蔬菜基地土壤环境质量处于尚清洁或污染状态,已不能满足食用农产品生产的需求。大部分点位重金属含量高于江苏和全国黄棕壤土壤环境自然背景值,其中Cd、Zn比背景值高近一倍,已经达到污染警戒水平,需查明Hg、Cd、Zn、有机氯等污染来源。土壤中有机质含量较低,达到很缺乏级别。     

A model for ecological assessment to pesticide pollution management

Applying the relational analysis in the Grey System Theory and Method, the comprehensive evaluation on five pesticide pollution controlling techniques in the vegetable production has been made and a comprehensive profit (cp–comprehensive cost (cc) evaluation system (composed of 15 comprehensive cost indices and 14 comprehensive profit indices) has been established, with a index optimization matrix of comprehensive cost indices and comprehensive profit indices obtained and a ratio model of comprehensive cost to comprehensive profit (R_cc/cp) built. Results show that the R_cc/cp value of vegetables intercropping soybeans in insect-proof thin film greenhouses is the smallest and the R_cc/cp value of vegetables intercropping taros in insect-proof net greenhouses, pheromones in insect-proof thin film greenhouses, pheromones in insect-proof thin film greenhouses and ground planting (only using chemical pesticide for insect-proof without covering materials and synthetic sex pheromone) other four techniques are 0.6268, 0.6393, 0.6407, 0.9809 respectively. In accordance with the R_cc/cp value, vegetables intercropping soybeans in insect-proof thin film greenhouses can be the most optimized pesticide pollution controlling technique in the vegetable growing.     

攀西蔬菜基地蔬菜砷、汞污染安全性评价

系统研究了攀西地区主要蔬菜基地的瓜类、茄果类、根菜类、叶菜类、豆类等五类蔬菜中砷、汞污染及其累积情况。结果表明,这五类蔬菜砷、汞含量都未超过相应产品限量标准,超标率为0％,污染程度都为安全,污染水平为清洁。各蔬菜对As的吸附能力为叶菜类〉根菜类〉豆类〉瓜类=茄果类;各蔬菜对Hg的吸附能力为叶莱类〉瓜类〉茄果类〉根菜类〉豆类。以叶菜类对As,Hg的富积能力最强,综合污染指数明显高于其他蔬菜。     

Effect of land use change from paddy to vegetable field on the residues of organochlorine pesticides in soils

The effect of land use change from paddy to vegetable field on the residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was investigated. Soil residues of OCPs were analyzed in vegetable fields which had been converted from paddy fields for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50 year in Yixing, China in 2003. The mean concentrations of OCPs followed a sequence of: ∑DDTs (13.7 μg kg⁻¹) > ∑HCHs (8.6 μg kg⁻¹) > > HCB (2.09 μg kg⁻¹) > α-endosulfan (1.30 μg kg⁻¹) > endrin (1.08 μg kg⁻¹) > PCNB (0.76 μg kg⁻¹) > dieldrin (0.58 μg kg⁻¹). The mean residues of OCPs especially DDTs increased significantly with vegetable planting time after land use change in the first 15 years, then decreased from 20 to 30 years and increased a little afterward. The time under anaerobic and aerobic conditions was suggested to control mainly the change of the residues of OCPs.     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留研究及对策

以西安市为例，研究了蔬菜中有机磷农药的残留问题，分析了不同农药在蔬菜中的残留特征以及不同品种蔬菜、不同类型蔬菜中农药残留的特征，讨论了蔬菜中农药残留量超标的原因及相关对策。