成都平原及其周边区域植被覆盖动态监测

利用Landsat TM/OLI遥感数据、DEM和地貌数据,基于像元二分模型、遥感与GIS技术对2007~2013年成都平原及周边区域的植被覆盖动态变化进行了估算,并结合高程、坡度、坡向和地貌数据,定量分析了汶川地震前、后植被受损与恢复的空间动态格局变化。研究表明:(1)植被覆盖总体良好,近一半区域的植被覆盖度均在中、高度以上,空间格局上呈现由西部的龙门山区向中部的平原区域降低的总体趋势;(2)地震造成植被受损面积约6.91×105 hm~2,集中分布于海拔324~800 m、坡度20°、东坡、南坡和西坡及山地地貌部位;(3)震后5 a,植被恢复面积约4.88×105 hm~2,主要分布海拔324~1 000 m、坡度30°、平缓坡、南坡、东坡和西坡、丘陵和大起伏山地以下区域;(4)高程、坡度和地貌对植被损毁与恢复的影响明显高于坡向。     

Sequential impacts of Polynesian and European settlement on vegetation and environmental processes recorded in sediments at Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand

Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, is central to a proposed Marine Reserve, and is currently managed for conservation by the Department of Conservation. This paper describes the sequential impacts of Maori and European people on the process of estuarine vegetation succession in time and space, and the rate of estuarine sedimentation. Multiple cores from one estuary gave confidence in assessing the temporal sequence of vegetation change, but bioturbation and other disturbance factors made it difficult to interpret ¹⁴C dates from the estuarine environment. The modern vegetation zonation pattern on the estuary is an active succession, which has been generated by rapid estuary in-filling, probably initiated as a consequence of erosion following Maori burning of the adjacent forest. European forest clearance for agriculture resulted in a further increase in estuarine sedimentation, and may have re-activated earlier sediments trapped in adjacent swamps. The combined effects of two phases of human exploitation have resulted in large-scale loss of nutrients and top-soil from catchments throughout Great Barrier Island. Conservation management of the estuary should take account of the anthropogenic impacts that have driven the plant succession and created the current vegetation zonation pattern. This pattern is neither static nor ‘natural’, but rather an on-going response to the changing human activities in the surrounding catchment.     

植物病虫害的遥感探测

本文概述了应用遥感技术探测植物病虫害的原理、途径、优缺点与发展过程.着重报导了最近在安徽省孤山林场开展的从TM图象提取森林松毛虫害的成功试验,并展望了应用遥感技术提高植物病虫害防治水平的前景.     

呼伦贝尔典型草原区植物生长旺季地上干物质量估算的地面光谱模型

为促进地面高光谱遥感在草地估产方面的应用,采用美国ASD公司生产的Fieldspec 3光谱仪,于2009年7月下旬在呼伦贝尔典型草原区进行了高光谱遥感地面观测试验. 运用单变量线性、非线性和逐步回归分析方法,建立植物生长旺季归一化植被指数(NDVI)与地上干物质量(ANPP)间的地面光谱模型. 结果表明,基于判定系数(R2)判断,线性函数和指数函数拟合较理想,R2分别达到0.729 5和0.720 3. 误差分析表明,标准误差(SE)最大的是对数函数,其SE为24.82 g/m2;最小的是幂函数,其SE为22.63 g/m2. 平均误差系数(MEC)最大的是对数函数,其MEC为0.249 7;指数函数最小,其MEC为0.193 2. 综合分析后,选用一元线性回归方程作为呼伦贝尔典型草原区的植物生长旺季最优地面光谱模型:ANPP406.08NDVI-101.64,其R2为0.729 5,SE为23.61 g/m2,MEC为0.220　9,P<0.001.      

Understanding the effects of rainfall on elephant-vegetation interactions around waterholes

The distribution of surface water affects herbivore-vegetation interactions in arid and semi-arid regions. Limited access to surface water typically results in the emergence of vegetation gradients around natural and artificial water sources. In particular, African elephants can create large-scale gradients of woody vegetation. Understanding the dynamics of these gradients is of particular importance for the conservation of other, less mobile herbivores that depend on woody vegetation in areas close to water. While rainfall is known to be a key determinant of herbivore-vegetation interactions in dry areas, we only have limited understanding on how it impacts woody vegetation gradients around waterholes. To address this problem, we developed a deterministic simulation model that describes the interplay of rainfall, elephants and woody vegetation in the vicinity of waterholes. The model is based on elephant telemetry data and the ecological conditions in Etosha National Park (ENP), Namibia. We found that decreasing amounts of rainfall led to an increased degradation of woody vegetation, which was particularly severe in areas close to water. Based on this result we conclude that low rainfall was an important driver of recently observed patterns of vegetation degradation in ENP. More generally, rainfall appears to be a key factor that determines elephant-vegetation interactions and thus dynamics of woody vegetation gradients around waterholes. Using long-term rainfall data from ENP, we also demonstrate that an increase in the number of water sources during periods of low rainfall can mitigate the destructive impact of elephants in areas close to water. However, more research is required to assess the sustainability and effectiveness of rainfall-adapted strategies of artificial water provisioning in more detail. In particular it is important to investigate potential effects on elephant population dynamics.     

Environmental history: A piece in the puzzle for establishing plans for environmental management

Establishment of plans for environmental planning and management requires that a number of natural and societal factors must be taken into consideration. Insights into the inherent dynamics of nature as well as the role that past human activities have played for establishing the current condition of the landscape and the natural environment in general are essential. Many natural and man-made changes occur over time scales of decades or centuries, and these are difficult to comprehend without a historical perspective. Such a perspective can be obtained using palaeoecological studies, i.e. by geochemical and biological analyses of lake sediment and peat deposits. To illustrate the long-term dynamics of nature and particularly the role of man, we present here five case studies from Sweden concerning pollution, lake acidification, lake eutrophication, biodiversity, and landscape dynamics and conservation – topics of broad interests – and discuss benefits of including a longer time perspective in environmental management.     

Natural Resource Assessment: An Approach to Science Based Planning in National Parks

We conducted a natural resource assessment at two national parks, New River Gorge National River and Shenandoah National Park, to help meet the goals of the Natural Resource Challenge—a program to help strengthen natural resource management at national parks. We met this challenge by synthesizing and interpreting natural resource information for planning purposes and we identified information gaps and natural significance of resources. We identified a variety of natural resources at both parks as being globally and/or nationally significant, including large expanses of unfragmented, mixed-mesophytic forests that qualify for wilderness protection, rare plant communities, diverse assemblages of neotropical migratory birds and salamanders, and outstanding aquatic recreational resources. In addition, these parks function, in part, as ecological reserves for plants in and wildlife. With these significant natural resources in mind, we also developed a suite of natural resource management recommendations in light of increasing threats from within and outside park boundaries. We hope that our approach can provide a blueprint for natural resource conservation at publically owned lands.     

滇中高原公路沿线植被特征分析及其恢复刍议——以昆明周边3条公路为例

选取滇中高原面上具有典型代表意义的3条公路,就其沿线的植被覆盖状况展开实地调查,对其主要植被类型进行分析,归纳得出滇中高原公路沿线植被基本特性,并对该地区有关公路沿线生态恢复建设提出浅显的认识与刍议,为促使云南高原山地公路沿线植被能尽可能地发挥其生态和社会经济功能提供思路。     

Assessment of frequent cutting as a plant-community management technique in power-line corridors

Repeated cutting of vegetation at or near ground level in power-line corridors is a common practice for inhibiting tree growth and regeneration. However, few data exist on long-term community responses. In this study, we sampled 20 northern Kentucky power-line corridors and compared their seedling and sapling communities to the edges and interiors of adjacent undisturbed forests. Mean seedling and sapling density in corridors was roughly twice that of adjacent undisturbed forest interiors, suggesting that repeated cutting is not a viable method of inhibiting tree regeneration. Corridor communities were dominated byRobinia pseudoacacia (black locust) andFraxinus americana (white ash), but ordinations indicated strong similaritties among communities in corridors and adjacent forests. Many of the tree species found in adjacent forests, with the exception of a few shade-tolerant species, had highest seedling and sapling densities in corridors. Stump or root sprouting by many species appears to regenerate forests quickly after cutting. However, disturbed soil and detritus accumulations caused by management crews and their equipment may also create a large variety of microsites for seedling establishment. Because repeated cutting selects for dominance by species with highest sprout growth rates, it should not be used as the sole management technique. It may instead be used to alter the vigor, stature, and stored reserves of trees so that herbicides or other methods of tree control can be used more efficiently.     

试论城乡开发自然生态补偿的植被还原原理

针对城乡土地开发带来的植被破坏建立一种作为生态补偿的植被还原机制。本文列举国外的若干实例,说明在我国实行这一机制在技术和经济上的可行性。并提出植被还原的“绿当量”概念和针对开发项目造成的植被减少实行种植补偿的计算方法。