温度变化对不同污泥形态厌氧氨氧化菌活性的影响

以Ca. Brocadia为主要种属的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥和生物膜为研究对象,通过测定不同温度下厌氧氨氧反应活化能以探讨温度对以不同污泥形态存在的厌氧氨氧化菌的短期影响。结果表明,在15~25 ℃和25~35 ℃,以颗粒污泥及生物膜形态存在的厌氧氨氧化菌的反应活化能不同。在15~25 ℃,颗粒污泥和生物膜中的厌氧氨氧化反应活化能分别为105.60 kJ·mol⁻¹和88.25 kJ·mol⁻¹,而在25~35 ℃,对应的活化能分别为62.15 kJ·mol⁻¹和56.78 kJ·mol⁻¹,均低于同温度条件下以游离态存在的厌氧氨氧化菌的反应活化能。这说明不同污泥形态对Anammox菌的温度效应不同,以生物膜和颗粒污泥形态存在的厌氧氨氧化菌具有较强抵抗温度变化的能力。在15~25 ℃,颗粒污泥和生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌的温度系数θ分别为1.14和1.12,在25~35 ℃,对应的温度系数θ分别为1.09和1.08。与硝化菌或反硝化菌相比,厌氧氨氧化菌的温度系数$ \theta $偏大。这表明厌氧氨氧化菌对温度的变化更为敏感,使得厌氧氨氧化在低温条件下首先将成为限制步。     

近自然湿地生态修复的概念、理论与实践

随着对湿地重要性认知的提高,我国对湿地生态修复技术的需求也日益增加,其中近自然湿地生态修复备受关注。描述了近自然概念的由来,提出了近自然湿地的定义并辨析了其与人工湿地的主要区别。以太湖竺山湖湿地生态修复为例,介绍了近自然湿地生态修复的设计思路、主要技术措施和修复效果。在竺山湖近自然湿地生态修复中,依次实施了水文水动力改善、基底形态营造、植物恢复、水生动物恢复、生物量管理等措施,具体包括：改善水体连通性和流动性,提高生境多样性和适宜性;基于5种基底形态对污染物去除效果的分析,构建了多起伏型基底形态;根据土著适生、净化水质、兼顾景观等原则,筛选出21属35种土著湿地植物,设计并应用了2种植物配置模式;根据生态系统调控 （EwE）模型对湿地食物网结构的分析结果,对水生植物收割量、鱼类及虾蟹类的种群数量提出了调控建议。生态修复后竺山湖水质由劣Ⅴ类改善为Ⅱ类（GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》）,大型水生植物多样性显著提高。竺山湖湿地生态修复效果验证了近自然生态修复方法的有效性,今后还需不断在实践应用过程中丰富近自然湿地生态修复的理论及技术,并开展大规模的实践应用。

     

Physical state and biodegradation behavior of starch-polycaprolactone systems

The biodegradation behavior of insoluble crystalline polymers depends on both chemical structure and physical state. The physical state is strongly affected by the molding conditions; moreover the presence of natural hydrophylic substances such as starch can further influence the biodegradation process. This paper examines the biotic and abiotic degradation of thick injection-molded parts, made of pure poly--caprolactone (PCL) at different molecular weights, and of PCL in the presence of starch in the case of a commercial grade of Mater-Bi, produced by Novamont. The abiotic degradation was studied at 25 and 50°C, whereas the biotic degradation was followed in conditions of SCAS (semicontinuous activated sludges) at 25 and 50°C, soil burial, and controlled composting. The physical-chemical modifications provoked at the surface and in the bulk of the samples by the different types of degradation were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, viscometric and gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical modifications induced by the different environments were followed by tensile tests. It was demonstrated that the presence of starch significantly increases the apparent biodegradation rate of PCL, making even thick parts of ZI01U compatible with the composting process.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

无机高分子铁钙铝混凝剂PFCA的研制及性能研究

复合型无机高分子混凝剂（ＩＰＣ）能进一步提高煤泥水的处理效果，降低有机高分子助凝剂的用量。本研究在合成得到β－ＰＦＳ溶液的基础上，引入钙铝离子共聚得到ＰＦＣＡ液体产品。含Ｆｅ＾３＋８％的ＰＦＣＡ液样通过添加晶种和活化剂的方式，极易制成偻剂产品。本文还运用透射电镜分析了ＰＦＣＡ与水中煤粒相互作用的机理。     

深层过滤理论与技术的研究进展

深层过滤是水处理工艺中的重要单元操作。近年来 ,在滤料、过滤工艺的研究开发及过滤理论研究方面有了新的发展。本文评述了一些主要研究进展     

Contest behaviour in the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria): seasonal phenotypic plasticity and the functional significance of flight performance

Although contemporary animal contest theory emphasises the importance of physical asymmetries in resolving disputes, such asymmetries do not obviously settle fights in all groups. Territorial male butterflies, for example, compete via elaborate non-contact aerial interactions in which success is determined by relative persistence. Prior research suggests that the resolution of these contests is not clearly related to physical variables such as body size or energy reserves. However, given that the contests involve elaborate aerial manoeuvres, one long-standing suggestion is that asymmetries in flight performance, and thus flight morphology, may be important. We addressed this hypothesis via a manipulative investigation into the biophysical correlates of contest success in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. This species possesses the ability for significant adaptive phenotypic plasticity in relevant flight morphological parameters. We took advantage of this plasticity to rear 90 individuals of markedly varying flight morphologies, which we then pitted against each other in a semi-controlled experimental fashion. Multiple logistic and lognormal analyses provided little evidence for the relevance of morphological parameters, including relative flight musculature, wing loading and wing aspect ratio (wing length relative to area), to the outcome and/or duration of experimental contests. Instead, we found a positive effect of age upon contest success. Given that ability for high acceleration is strongly linked to variation in these morphological parameters, our findings suggest that flight performance is not a strong determinant of resource-holding potential in this notably territorial butterfly.     

中国－喜马拉雅柴胡属的花粉形态及其系统学意义

本文报道了中国－喜马拉雅柴胡属（ＢｕｐｌｅｕｒｕｍＬ．）２４种，７变种，２变型的花粉形态研究结果，全部在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下作了比较观察。有关柴胡属花粉形态的研究，除大苞柴胡（Ｂ．ｅｕｐｈｏｒｂｉｏｉｄｅｓＮａｋａｉ）和红柴胡（Ｂ，ｓｃｏｒｚｏｎｅｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍＷｉｌｌｄ．）外．其余均为首次报道，根据该属花粉粒的形态和萌发孔特征，其花粉形态可分为三个类型，即：近菱形角孔类型、矩形边孔类型及其二者之间的过渡类型。花粉形态资料支持德国植物系统学家德鲁特（Ｏ，Ｄｒｕｄｅ，１８９８）关于柴胡属的系统位置，将其隶于芹亚科（Ａｐｉｏｉｄｅａｅ），芹族（Ａｐｉｅａｅ），葛缕子亚族（Ｃａｒｉｎａｅ）。     

不同耕作制度对土壤中锰赋存形态及其有效性的影响

以花岗岩母质发育的旱地红壤和水稻土为研究对象，探讨了不同耕作制度下土壤中锰的赋存形态及其生物有效性。结果表明：在水旱轮作条件下，土壤中的锰更多地以代换态和晶形铁结合态存在；旱作土壤中的锰则较多地以有机态和无定形铁结合态存在．然而，单位有机质络合的锰量却是水稻土大于红壤。水旱轮作措施具有活化锰的作用，使得土壤中锰有效性更大并且主要以代换态存在。旱作土壤则不同，土壤活性锰除来自代换衣外，尚有大约４５％以有机态或无定形铁结合态存在。     

粉煤灰的粉体特性及其对减水效应的影响

通过对粉煤灰颗粒形貌、平均粒径、粒度分布等粉体特性参量的测定和计算分析 ,发现粉煤灰的减水效应主要来自圆球形玻璃微珠的滚珠轴承润滑作用或对水泥絮凝结构的分散作用。过细的粉煤灰大掺量取代水泥后有可能会降低其减水效应     

基于数学形态学的高聚物絮凝作用机理的定量化研究

将数学形态学的基本理论用于煤泥絮凝图像的处理，阐述了该理论处理图像的方法及步骤，获得煤泥絮团粒度、桥长等微观结构参数，并解释了PQAAM高聚物对细粒煤泥的絮凝作用和絮凝模式，从而实现了高聚物絮凝作用机理的定量化研究。