Quantifying the erosion of natural darkness in the global protected area system

The nighttime light environment of much of the earth has been transformed by the introduction of electric lighting. This impact continues to spread with growth in the human population and extent of urbanization. This has profound consequences for organismal physiology and behavior and affects abundances and distributions of species, community structure, and likely ecosystem functions and processes. Protected areas play key roles in buffering biodiversity from a wide range of anthropogenic pressures. We used a calibration of a global satellite data set of nighttime lights to determine how well they are fulfilling this role with regard to artificial nighttime lighting. Globally, areas that are protected tend to be darker at night than those that are not, and, with the exception of Europe, recent regional declines in the proportion of the area that is protected and remains dark have been small. However, much of these effects result from the major contribution to overall protected area coverage by the small proportion of individual protected areas that are very large. Thus, in Europe and North America high proportions of individual protected areas (>17%) have exhibited high levels of nighttime lighting in all recent years, and in several regions (Europe, Asia, South and Central America) high proportions of protected areas (32–42%) have had recent significant increases in nighttime lighting. Limiting and reversing the erosion of nighttime darkness in protected areas will require routine consideration of nighttime conditions when designating and establishing new protected areas; establishment of appropriate buffer zones around protected areas where lighting is prohibited; and landscape level reductions in artificial nighttime lighting, which is being called for in general to reduce energy use and economic costs.     

驾驶机舱LED灯光色温与人员警觉度关系仿真实验研究

为了探讨驾驶机舱内LED灯光色温与人员警觉度的联系,在A320模拟驾驶舱内设置2 500～2 700 K,3 000～3 200 K,6 000～6 500 K 3种不同色温的LED灯光环境,采用卡斯罗林嗜睡量表（KSS）、闪光融合临界频率仪（CFF）、视觉舒适度评分量表（VCS）,对5名被试人员在不同灯光环境的疲劳程度和视觉舒适度进行实时测量。针对测量结果,采用方差分析及描述性统计的数据分析方法,评价被试人员于不同灯光环境下的疲劳程度、视觉舒适度的差异性及变化情况。研究结果表明:高色温LED灯光环境下,人员的主观嗜睡感受及客观疲劳感受较低,且有着较低的疲劳感受增长率;高色温LED光源下人员的视觉舒适度也较高;增高LED灯光色温可一定程度上提升人员的警觉性。     

紫外-Fenton试剂的作用机理及在废水处理中的应用

本文研究了紫外光、铁离子对过氧化氢的催化分解作用.证实了紫外光和铁离子对过氧化氢的催化分解存在协同效应,并通过研究三价铁离子与紫外光的相互作用,探讨了协同效应产生的机理.UV-Fenton试剂对硝基苯、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(DBS)模拟废水的处理结果表明:将紫外光引入Fenton试剂可大大提高Fen-ton试剂的氧化性能,对生物难降解或难化学氧化的有机污染物具有良好的处理效果.     

可见光下氮掺杂二氧化钛对巯基苯并噻唑的降解

光降解反应中为了有效地利用可见光,以氨水为氮源,采用溶胶凝胶法在温和条件下制备出黄色氮掺杂二氧化钛。分别采用XRD、TEM、XPS和UV-Vis漫反射光谱对样品进行了表征。结果表明,所制备的样品均为锐钛矿相,晶粒随N/Ti配比的增加而增大;氮掺杂进入二氧化钛晶格中使可见光吸收增强。为控制水处理过程中的气味问题,以巯基苯并噻唑为探针,考察了氮掺杂二氧化钛的可见光活性。结果显示氮掺杂二氧化钛在可见光照射下可使巯基苯并噻唑的降解率为商用二氧化钛DegussaP-25的3倍。此外,存在一个最佳N/Ti配比显示出最高的可见光活性。     

Preparation and characterization of visible-light-active nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalyst

A visible-light photocatalyst was prepared by calcination of the hydrolysis product of Ti(SO4)2 with ammonia as precipitator. The color of this photocatalyst was vivid yellow. It could absorb light under 550 nm wavelength. The crystal structure of anatase was characterized by XRD. The structure analysis result of X-ray fluorescence(XRF) shows that doped-nitrogen was presented in the sample. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using methyl orange and phenol as model pollutants. The photocatalytic activities of samples were increasing gradually with calcination temperature from 400℃ to 700℃ under UV irradiation. It can be seen that the degradation of methyl orange follows zero-order kinetics. However, the calcination temperatures have no significant influence on the degradation of phenol under sunlight. The N-doped catalyst shows higher activity than the bare one under solar irradiation.     

等离子体发生区工作时发射特定光谱的研究

介绍了2种不同等离子体发生区和不同测量距离对等离子体发生区沿面蓝光中紫外光的波长和相对光强的影响,所测的臭氧发生量大的等离子体发生区的紫外光的相对光强高,测量距离与相对光强呈指数关系,并且等离子体发生区沿面蓝光具有光催化作用.     

报废轻武器毁形方法研究

目的 研究探索报废轻武器毁形方法。方法 根据报废轻武器的毁形难点,分析切割、粉碎、锻压、熔炼等各种现有毁形方法的技术优势、难点及可行性,并对部分毁形技术进行验证试验,确定可以应用于轻武器毁形的技术方法。结果 经过试验检验,机械切割无法切断14.5 mm枪管,激光切割、等离子切割无法直接切透14.5 mm枪管,粉碎机无法对14.5 mm枪管进行完全破碎,加热和锻压技术可以对枪支实现彻底毁形,加热粉碎技术对14.5 mm枪管破碎效果一般,残疾规格随意性大。结论 组合运用加热和锻压技术进行轻武器毁形具有时间短、效率高、操作简单的优势,而且便于实现销毁自动化。     

人工注气及生物产气对孔隙介质中DNAPL运移影响

重非水相液体(DNAPLs)的污染和治理问题是国内外研究热点,由地下水曝气技术注入的人工气体或生物作用等产生的气体必然对DNAPL在地下水系统中的运移及修复产生影响.采用CCD实时监测系统,以TCE为目标污染物,通过3个二维砂箱试验,以饱水条件下DNAPL的运移为对照,研究了人工注气及生物产气对DNAPL在孔隙介质中运移的影响.结果表明:(1)基于CCD相机的透射光监测系统是一种研究二维孔隙介质中多相流迁移规律的有效非侵入式监测方法,应用于实时监测水/NAPL,水/气,水/NAPL/气多相系统中流体渗流过程.(2)人工注气和生物产气两种条件下,气体在多孔介质中的分布特征有差异,前一条件下气体连续分布,后一条件下则以非连续分布的气泡为主.(3)在水/气两相系统中,气体的存在使得DNAPL污染羽的整体形状更加不规则;同时缩短了TCE污染羽前缘整体平均垂向下迁距离;也导致迁移路径上孔隙中TCE的截留量变小.DNAPL的入渗过程受重力影响以垂向渗流为主,垂向渗流时易于驱替孔隙中的水分,然而水平渗流时优先驱替孔隙中的空气.     

稻田CO2通量对光强和温度变化的响应特征

采用涡度相关法对我国亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量进行了连续监测,并对CO2通量随光强和温度变化的响应特征进行了分析.结果表明,白天稻田生态系统CO2通量对光强的响应过程可以用直角双曲线方程进行描述.随光强的增加,CO2通量(绝对值)呈增加趋势,当光强大于1 000μmol/(m2·s)时,CO2通量变化比较稳定.早、晚稻间以及不同生育期水稻的光量子利用效率和最大光合速率存在一定的差异.晚稻的光量子利用效率(0.046 5～0.099 9 μmol/μmol)高于早稻(0.0176～0.0541μmol/μmol),并以水稻生长旺盛期的光量子利用效率和最大光合速率最高.夜间稻田生态系统呼吸速率随土壤温度的升高呈指数增加,5 cm土层温度可以作为反映稻田呼吸速率变化的温度指标.早稻生长季生态系统呼吸对温度的变化明显较晚稻生长季更为敏感.